tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80968031665897483082024-02-20T10:54:12.133-08:00University entrance essayAden Vaughnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18380288687934526630noreply@blogger.comBlogger169125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8096803166589748308.post-90357735330067692512020-08-28T02:07:00.001-07:002020-08-28T02:07:08.463-07:00Writing Skills Training 10 Free Online CoursesComposing Skills Training 10 Free Online Courses Composing Skills Training: 10 Free Online Courses Get fundamental information and ace surfing through an assortment of instructive writings, composing styles and splendid thoughts! Begin composing where you are! OpenLearning Need to move from composing basic entries to nitty gritty composition? Take an interest in the preparation program proposed by Simon Williams and learn more by means of OpenLearning! This course is called Scribble: Writing for New Writers. It is exceptionally compelling! Get basic information from a genuine master! Utilize pragmatic tips and grow quick, powerful exploration abilities! Find valuable tips â⬠they most likely will assist you with making your online correspondence progressively effective! This instructional class will give you approaches to make your composing incredible and astute. Duke University In the event that you are keen on the techniques for direct association with perusers, Duke University along with Denise Comer offers a heavenly chance to viably and easily learn English Composition. Figure out how to meet the perusers desires by investigating a theme in detail, giving a visual examination or a contextual analysis. The course will tell you the best way to give compelling contentions and to make amazing writing, just as how to ask provocative inquiries and lead enlivened conversations. Mt. San Jacinto College The course Crafting an Effective Writer: Tools of the Trade (Fundamental English Writing) created by Lawrence Barkley and Ted Blake from Mt. San Jacinto College will offer profound understanding into sentence working by methods for complex expressions and right accentuation. Additionally, you will figure out how to orchestrate sentences into efficient sections. Michigan University Taking on a similar mindset as a Writer is another instructional class guided by Jeff Grabill and Julie Lindquis from Michigan University. Follow the rules introduced in the course and figure out how to use viable procedures for getting the hang of, perusing and composing. Rehearsing portrayal and synopsis will likewise be advantageous for your composing abilities, too. College of California, Berkley The following choice contains a lot of tips for exposition composing. Maggie Sokolik, University of California, Berkley, planned an instructional class that comprises of two sections â⬠How to Write an Essay and English Grammar and Essay Writing. Composing including passages, creating presentations and defining ends require syntactic precision and great self-altering abilities. Consider a discretionary course book and have the option to form a paper in the wake of taking this piece of the course. Its simple to form incredible articles! The second piece of the course is called English Grammar and Essay Writing. It will give you a pleasant chance to widen your composing experience. Your English language abilities will increment rapidly. Cardiff University Theres additionally decent opportunities for understudies who check out editorial composition. Network Journalism: Digital and Social Media is an instructional class planned by Richard Shambrook, Cardiff University. The quantity of sites is developing step by step; you can without much of a stretch gain admittance to a wide crowd! Make a network website and utilize the advantages of distributing on the web! Offer encounters with webpage launchers from the Center of Community Journalism and get familiar with recognizing your intended interest group, making conspicuous substance, media, law morals, and dealing with your own online network. College of California As a functioning individual from mankind, you may want to impact social changes. Join Daniel Heimpel from University of California and take the course J4SC101x: Journalism for Social Change. Ace arrangement based reporting. The key issues canvassed in that course are: youngster insurance, destitution, networks and child care. College of Iowa Composing fiction is likewise a field that pulls in a wide crowd. Christopher Merrill from the University of Iowa offers an incredible instructional class How Writers Write Fiction! Get to know it and think about experimental writing as a global examination! Feel a piece of the worldwide composing network! The plan for this online course proposes you will have the option to participate in live conversations, get assignments and figure out how to post your takes a shot at sites. Federation Education Trust The instructional class Writing for Young Reader: Opening the Treasure Chest with Maria Gill and David Hill from Commonwealth Education Trust may appear to be profoundly including for those understudies who are eager to compose stories for kids. Discover progressively about working out the plot, making the setting, and portraying the characters. Allure youthful students to follow all your words! College of Sheffield Need applied composing abilities for your profession? Find the solution to your solicitation from University of Sheffield! A gathering of very much prepared specialists â⬠Pamela Hafekost, Hilary Jones, Alison Clay, Marcus Zientek, Steve McCarthy â⬠are prepared to impart their insight and functional experience to you. Take an interest in a three-week course How to Succeed at: Writing Applications. The aptitudes you arrive will assist you with writing a fruitful profile, CV, or application. The essential principles of applied composing will bolster you in figuring out how to make a splendid composing introduction of your insight, aptitudes and goals! Its simple to make your composing abilities more keen! Become a piece of the custom composing network and light up the world with shimmering thoughts! Aden Vaughnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18380288687934526630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8096803166589748308.post-23871281798342627172020-08-22T13:59:00.001-07:002020-08-22T13:59:18.025-07:00Wuthering Heights- Is Heathcliff a man or a devil? Essay -- English LiWuthering Heights-Is Heathcliff a man or a demon? Wuthering Heights was composed by Emily Brontã « and was first distributed in 1847, it was composed during the sentimental period, it is an account of affection, desire and distress all held together by extraordinary enthusiasm, love and despise. One of the principle characters in the book Wuthering Heights is Heathcliff, he was a vagrant who lived in Liverpool, we find very minimal about Heathcliff's past before he is embraced by the Earnshaw's, which makes Heathcliff a secretive character. When Heathcliff comes to live at Wuthering Heights subsequent to being received by the Earnshaw's, he feels dislodged as he doesn't have the foggiest idea where to fit in with the family who appear to have very close family framework. To start with it is clear that Heathcliff is dismissed by his more established advance sibling Hindly and goes to Catherine for friendship, however Heathcliff feels he isn't deserving of the friendship appeared to him by his progression father and the family what's more, this causes issues with individuals from the family. Hindly consequently feels undermined by Heathcliff's essence and his detest for Heathcliff develops as Heathcliff gets the consideration from that point father that Hindly feels he merit and this causes rubbing between the two characters. Be that as it may, Heathcliff has requirements and one of these is to be cherished which he feels no one but Catherine can do even from a youthful age, they become the best of companions and feel wild together running in fields and playing together, and it shows when Heathcliff is youthful Catherine is his sole wellspring of confidence. At the point when Mr. Earnshaw bites the dust Catherine takes comfort with Heathcliff, and Hindly returns from college to take care of the memorial service after a while Heathcliff was corrupted by Hindly in light of Hindlys jea... ...raded and fleeing from Wuthering Heights segregating himself from his past just returning at the point when he realizes his vengeance can be had, Heathcliff is additionally loaded up with dull characteristics which make him come back to look for vengeance, yet a Byronic saint is generally energetic about a specific issue, this specific issue for Heathcliff is Catherine and we consider this to be he is by all accounts dependent on her. A Byronic saint displays a few trademark attributes, and from multiple points of view he can be viewed as a revolutionary. The Byronic legend doesn't have courageous prudence in the standard sense; rather, he has numerous dull characteristics. As to his scholarly limit, sense of pride, and excessive touchiness, the Byronic legend is bigger than life, and with the loss of his titanic interests, his pride, and his assurance of self-personality, he loses additionally his status as [a traditional] saint (Thorslev 187). Aden Vaughnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18380288687934526630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8096803166589748308.post-65083115405924965982020-08-21T11:41:00.001-07:002020-08-21T11:41:09.581-07:00Kellogs Case StudyThe administration procedure is liable for distinguishing, envisioning and fulfilling client necessities beneficially. Components OF PRODUCT Kelloggââ¬â¢s give a such assortment of nourishment, their nourishment is solid. They are deal with giving a protected and sound workplace. Their nourishment is useful for wellbeing too, which is the central matter what makes item significant to us. Center of item is advantage. Whatever is makes you fulfilled is center advantages. Cornflakes is the real result of kelloggââ¬â¢s, which is exist with the shading, style, marking, design, quality.Kelloggââ¬â¢s cornflakes is the most significant, dependable, and a famous item which is makes us fulfilled to get it. So as to fulfilled center advantages organization make an item. Driving item is relying upon process showcasing. E. g. I purchase mug of espresso, increase this cup with selave when it is hot. Increased component cost cash. Increase item is made with the client care, fund, establish ment, administration, conveyance, guarantees. Kelloggââ¬â¢s cornflakes is additionally give a client care, it is moderate by each sort of individuals, we can get it from each sort of strip mall and its generally accessible so natural to buy.TYPES OF PRODUCT Convection Kelloggââ¬â¢s is accessible in each mall it is a morning meal so individuals get it normally and it is low evaluated so everybody can get it without any problem. It is generally accessible and regularly high brand devotion which is kelloggââ¬â¢s. Claim to fame Kelloggââ¬â¢s corn chips is accessible in all superstore so individuals can get it effectively and in rivalry with other brand of item corn drops is great and less successive extravagance buys. This item has an individual selling abilities. On the pack of this item they give all the data so ustomer can get all data about necessities/accumulate bunches of data before purchasing. Shopping Relatively costly with inconsistent buys. Normally happening with client information according to the high market brands. Comparable to kelloggââ¬â¢s, this item is advertised inside major superstores and has an assortment of high rivalry with other known brands, e. g. Settle. For this situation, a high brand drove would be oats which would be focused on specific clients for instance weight watching clients. Unsought Distress buys with little pleasure.Marketers need to make clients mindful of where they are accessible to make inclinations. Kelloggââ¬â¢s have moved toward this by publicizing and advancing distinctive corn drops e. g. chocolate pieces or nectar covered drops. For the selling of result of Kelloggââ¬â¢s we have to comprehend the client conduct. The conduct incorporates what they may purchase? For what reason do they purchase? When do they purchase? What's more, where do they purchase? The modular of client purchaser conduct incorporates the 4ps where showcase incitement happens. Other market incitements incorporate; monetary, mechanical, political and cultural.Consumer dynamic For the customer dynamic first in the event that all we have to think about the issue, at that point scan for the explanation of that then elective development at that point buy assessment so then we can get buy choice and conduct then we can get our post buy assessment. BRAND LOYALTY Brand disposition There are various kinds of demeanor for various brands. At the point when we see the corn drops most importantly we goe the brand kelloggââ¬â¢s in our brain and it makes constructive picture in our psyche, which is a significant thing for the product.Corn chips is the exceptionally famous and solid brand so individuals got a decent picture of this brand, so with the great and achievement picture brand its make a positive brand disposition. Brand inclination Why client should purchase that specific brand then the other brand it rely upon the nature of brand, amount of brand, prise of brand, reliability of brand. Kelloggââ¬â¢s c orn chips is the greater quality brand, old and trustable, great amount, moderate, so with this inclinations client purchase this brand all the more then the other brand.Brand devotion When client get happy with the brand they will like some change with a similar item at that point in the event that they think that its increasingly reliable they will proceed with purchase that brand over the extensive stretch of time. kelloggââ¬â¢s is the old and trustable brand. Clients are utilizing this brand been long time so with center around client needs kelloggââ¬â¢s furnishing a few decisions with the flavor and other item too. E. g. coco pops, crunchy nut nutty, all wheat. and so on. Purchaser purchasing choice processFirst of all in purchasing this procedure ther are various stages with the choice so initial step is all out set when u got loads of things infront of you then you perceive mindfulness, at that point thought set after that youââ¬â¢ll get some chosen things to decisio n in the decision set at that point can settle on your choice. Kellogg's business procedure is clear and centered: * to develop the oat business there are presently 40 distinct oats * to extend the nibble business by broadening into accommodation nourishments * to take part in explicit development openings. ProductionCornflakes are created in noteworthy amounts at the Trafford Park manufacturing plant in Manchester, which is likewise the biggest oat processing plant on the planet. Grains got from cornflakes A previous patient of the Battle Creek Sanitarium named C. W. Post began an opponent organization, as we as a whole as the major other brand of corn pieces in the United States, called Post westies. Australia's Sanitarium likewise makes their own image of corn pieces called Skippy corn drops. Moreover there are numerous conventional brands of corn drops delivered by different makers. ttp://www. kelloggs. co. uk/items/cornflakes/Cereal/corn_flakes. aspx Kelloggââ¬â¢s responsibi lity At Kelloggââ¬â¢s they are focused on building extraordinary brands. they follow shared qualities, standards and conduct to give high caliber and extraordinary tasting nourishments in a capable way: * They act with uprightness and show regard. * They are altogether responsible. * They are enthusiastic about they business, they brands and they nourishment. * They have the lowliness and yearning to learn. * They love achievement. * They make progress toward simplicity.Kellogg Company has a rich history of corporate social obligation, a history that has developed and advanced to meet the complexities of todayââ¬â¢s business world and the difficulties of a worldwide society. They organizer, W. K. Kellogg, tried to ââ¬Å"invest my cash in peopleâ⬠. That heritage keeps on managing they organization and they individuals. Corporate duty is a lifestyle at Kellogg. They obligations include: * Sustainability â⬠Understanding, overseeing and limiting they sway on nature to a practical future for everybody. * Communities â⬠Investing in and enhancing they networks with the goal that they can arrive at their maximum capacity. They are energetic about their business, there brands and there nourishment. * Market place â⬠Behaving dependably in the commercial center, selling nutritious items, upholding sound ways of life and acting with respectability and holding fast to the most noteworthy moral measures. * Work place â⬠Promoting decent variety in their work power and guaranteeing a protected, sound working environment. They duty to social obligation is as solid today as it was when there organization was established. They are pleased with their advancement, yet there is still a lot of they can do. DiversityThey point is that decent variety in Kelloggââ¬â¢s is something you can feel, see and hear â⬠it isn't only a page in the yearly report. Rather decent variety hits you when you stroll through the entryway. They effectively encour age peop le to act naturally and utilize the entirety of their gifts to contribute their best every day to assist themselves, others and Kelloggââ¬â¢s. They want is for a various and comprehensive workforce paying little heed to; language, nationality, work-style, learning style, culture, ethnicity, work level, sex, sexual direction, educational encounters, aptitudes, physical capacities, thinking style and conjugal or family status.Environment They are focused on working a maintainable business that builds shareowner esteem and guarantees a superior personal satisfaction for everybody, presently and for a long time into the future. Supportability has consistently been a fundamental piece of Kellogg's formula for progress and it will keep on being in the years to come. Kellogg's advances and keeps up ecologically capable practices to support there clients, shoppers, workers, and the networks wherein they work. They direct and develop there business in a way that secures the earth and exhi bits great stewardship of there worldAs characteristic restheyces.Kellogg's takes a stab at consistent improvement through the advancement of explicit projects that address the ecological expense and effect of there exercises, items and administrations. These projects incorporate a promise to utilize assets productively, limit waste, and measure ecological effect Responsible promoting Since its establishment, Kelloggââ¬â¢s has been focused on educating shoppers regarding all ages about the significance of a decent way to deal with diet and physical movement. Kelloggââ¬â¢s has set up a worldwide showcasing code and a longstanding responsibility to TV publicizing in a mindful way. This implies: They won't empower over-utilization. They won't use words like ââ¬Ëking-sizeââ¬â¢ or ââ¬Ësuper-sizeââ¬â¢ and all there advancements will portray reasonable segment sizes. * They will constantly introduce Kelloggââ¬â¢s breakfast grains as a component of a decent breakfast â ⬠ordinarily in a family setting. * They will run adjusted limited time schedules â⬠highlighting a decent blend of fun, instruction and overallbeing-based exercises for the two grown-ups and kids. * They won't focus on any publicizing at youngsters under six years old. Work/life balance Creating a workplace which permits the business to convey reliably solid outcomes is fundamental to there future.Helping to Aden Vaughnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18380288687934526630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8096803166589748308.post-63134305344969357132020-05-26T12:19:00.001-07:002020-05-26T12:19:02.980-07:00Life, Death and Medical School Admission Essay Samples Life, Death and Medical School Admission Essay Samples Life, Death and Medical School Admission Essay Samples Your next step is to see the health school's website and locate a research activity that fits with your core theme. Because that undertaking is intimidating, it's often hard to choose where to get started. The process has easy and easy things to do to follow through. Or sometimes doctors are not really qualified enough to have the ability to rate the advantage of the consequence of the research for the humanity and possible degree of harm to a research participant. But more than any of the aforementioned, since I learned at the AIDS hospice, medicine necessitates compassion and caring and at times a Big Mac. A health student can discover Medical school essay example to provide the correct info on several subjects revolving around medicine. At exactly the same time, medical staff shortages are observed, together with the deficiency of effective methods of treating Ebol a. How to Find Medical School Admission Essay Samples on the Web You will learn that lots of the questions are extremely similar from school to school. Being accepted to a dream school is the largest desire of all the healthcare students. If you would like to join a particular program in that school since it can help make a huge difference, talk about that. A good deal of students can become so generic here I can just copy and paste it from secondary to secondary for each and every school that asks the exact same question. Public high schools have their very own fair share of issues and in the event the student isn't careful, they could wind up in a massive mess. Students have a tendency to repeat exactly the same stories from their main application on their secondary. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline. Diversity, even though it could possibly be an intangible notion or quality, still requires tangible evidence. Moreover, medical schools already know about each one of the programs and resources they give, which means you wouldn't be providing much value via your writing. You are able to make your relevant information eye-catching and that'll be considerably more valuable to the readers. It's possible to visit us to secure more info on any subject that's in question in medical school. A Secret Weapon for Medical School Admission Essay Samples It is crucial to have wide data in the diversity essay. Try to remember, an admission essay sample may be good way to find out more about the writing procedure and understand the task better. Secondary essays continue to be an enormous portion of your medical school application. The essay you submit to HPA ought to be a draft of the essay you mean to submit to the typical application services. So the earlier you turn in your principal application and the earlier you're done with your secondary essays, the earlier your MCAT score is in, the earlier your letters of recommendation are in, the earlier your application is done, then the schools will look over your application and determine whether they wish to provide you an interview. Some colleges take a supplemental essay along with the personal essay. Please be aware that a few of these college essay examples could possibly be responding to prompts that are no longer being used. Admission and application college essay for every single taste a tremendous collection of examples and topics. The Tried and True Method for Medical School Admission Essay Samples in Step by Step Detail My second most significant achievement was again saving the business. You should hopefully have at least a concept of the form of health career you desire. If you've got international experience, maybe it does not set you apart in a wholly dist inctive way, but it's worthwhile to demonstrate your cross-cultural experience and sensitivity. Our drive has always to make sure that quality isn't negotiable. The Medical School Admission Essay Samples Pitfall If you're given enough room on specific questions, you can want to adhere to the thesis, body, and conclusion structure which you would use for a lengthier essay. You've got to answer the questions. Your essays shouldn't be a struggle to comprehend. An effective application essay is constructed on deeds in place of thoughts. Medical School Admission Essay Samples Can Be Fun for Everyone You have to say something specific in regards to the school. The story has to provide a very clear picture of you as an individual. The entire story has to concentrate on a specific subject, a message that you're attempting to send to the admission committee. Don't tell the very same story. The Hidden Treasure of Medical School Admission Essay Samples You ought to be able to observ e how this essay says nothing about why YOU need to visit their school. Consider us for your health care school essay assist and get excellent scores. In spite of exceptional grades a poorly written essay will offer you a lousy name. The college entry essay is maybe one of the most significant ones you'll ever write. Aden Vaughnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18380288687934526630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8096803166589748308.post-50038640651032664322020-05-15T18:54:00.001-07:002020-05-15T18:54:11.061-07:00Existential Humanistic Paradigm Of Personality - 1845 Words Article Summaries Paper Alyssa Edwards Lindenwood University-Belleville Introduction I am most interested in the existential-humanistic paradigm of personality in this stage of my counseling education. An Introduction to Theories of Personality (Olson Hergenhahn, 2011) labeled part seven as the existential-humanistic paradigm, joining the two together, so I decided to join them in my paper as well. I chose two articles with focus in existential therapy and one which focused on humanistic therapy. The reason I wanted to research this particular paradigm is because I find that many of my counseling-related beliefs fall within the humanistic frame of personality theory. I also find the theorists included in this paradigm (Kelly, Rogers, Maslow, and May) to be significantly fascinating in my studies. I also chose to research existential theory because I am curious to know more about this theory in the current field in addition to my current knowledge in humanistic theory. Existential Authenticity: A Foundational Value for Counseling by Russel D. Miars In this article, Miars (2002) discusses that the use and adoption of an existential perspective in the counseling field is often viewed as ââ¬Å"inapplicable or a luxury for most clients (p 218).â⬠One purpose of this particular work is to challenge three main misconceptions about the existential perspective; First, an existential perspective in counseling is often viewed as a luxury that is generally relevant to theShow MoreRelatedSnapshot1702 Words à |à 7 Pagesbehaviorism as an overarching model in psychology, however, gave way to a new dominant paradigm: cognitive approaches. 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Introduction The purpose of this paper is to present a personal belief about the metaparadigm of nursing and to incorporate it into that of Jean Watsonââ¬â¢s Theory of Human Caring. II. Personal Belief on the Paradigm Every personââ¬â¢s needs must be recognized, respected, and filled if he or she must attain wholeness. The environment must attuned to that wholeness for healing to occur. Healing must be total or holistic if health must be restored or maintained. And a nurse-patient relationshipRead Moreï⠧ Critically Evaluate Core Transactional Analysis (T.a) Concepts and Practice4276 Words à |à 18 Pagesfirst part of this essay starts by outlining the key concepts of T.A.; its assumptions, theory of personality and ego-states, transactions, strokes, games and the Karpman Drama Triangle, life scripts and existential life positions. It then goes onto critically evaluate core T.A. concepts and practice from the perspective of Humanistic, Cultural, Integrative and Behavioural approaches. T.A. is a Humanistic psychotherapeutic approach formulated in the 1950s by Canadian psychiatrist Eric Berne who initiallyRead MoreNursing Theorists1685 Words à |à 7 PagesConcepts a. Person * An individual; a developing organism who tries to reduce anxiety caused by needs * Lives in instable equilibrium a. Environment * Not defined b. Health * Implies forward movement of the personality and human processes toward creative, constructive, productive, personal, and community living c. Nursing * A significant, therapeutic, interpersonal process that functions cooperatively with others to make health possible * InvolvesRead MorePost-Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay2351 Words à |à 10 Pagessuffer diverse physical pain, and/or suffer constant fatigue (APA, n.d., paras6-7). In addition, one may acquire destructive or impulsive behavior, feel they are permanently damaged, suffer a loss of previously held beliefs, and/or have a change in personality (APA, 2000, p.465). Next, there are two major psychological theories regarding PTSD. The first discussed is the cognitive perspective. It is a challenge to the cognitive theory, since cognitive models view anxiety a being caused by an immediateRead MorePersonality Theory Bandura Carl Rogers3322 Words à |à 14 PagesRunning head: Albert Bandura Carl Rogers Compare and Contrast Social Cognitive and Humanistic Theories of Personality to the case study entitled Myesha Course: PSCY3017 Personality Theory II Personality is an intriguing component in psychology vital for the perception of human beings. Understanding and defining personality has proven to be a difficult task. It is so complex, in fact, that no single theory can adequately define it. If one was to ask an ordinary Aden Vaughnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18380288687934526630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8096803166589748308.post-6590910407488897342020-05-06T16:58:00.001-07:002020-05-06T16:58:15.322-07:00The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 943 Words In the Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald shows that there is different types of love throughout the book. Using different characters to show how love works with certain people. The relationship between Daisy and Gatsby is what I am going to call the imaginary kind of love. He also shares that there is a unconditional/ Obsessed kind of love between George Wilson and Myrtle. Then last but not least the love of one s belongings, or the love of materialistic things. Using multiple different characters throughout the book to display the love for material things. In the book you are not exactly introduced to the main character. We are told of what seem to be tall tales, and fictional stories of Jay Gatsbyââ¬â¢s money and parties. Also different theories on how Gatsby makes a living. After reading for a bit you find out that Jay Gatsby is this soft hearted, lover boy that fell in love with Daisy years ago. While he was at war they would exchange letters every time they got a chance. Th ough he did fall in love, it was all in the past. Years later he finally finds the love of his life, and moves down the street from her. Sadly to his discovery things are not the same. ââ¬Å"Also, Gatsby was truly in love with Daisy right before he went to war. After 5 years had passed, Gatsby had this image in his own mind that Daisy was absolutely perfect and flawless. But when Gatsby met Daisy again at Nick s house, he was still was in love with her but she was not as perfect and flawless as he hadShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words à |à 6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. This author helped to launch the theme that is so prevalent in hi s work; the human instinct to yearn for more, into the forefront of American literature, where itRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1343 Words à |à 6 PagesHonors English 10 Shugart 18 Decemeber 2014 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story, a mystery, and a social commentary on American life. The Great Gatsby is about the lives of four wealthy characters observed by the narrator, Nick Carroway. Throughout the novel a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby throws immaculate parties every Saturday night in hope to impress his lost lover, Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby lives in a mansion on West Egg across from DaisyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1155 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Jazz Age was an era where everything and anything seemed possible. It started with the beginning of a new age with America coming out of World War I as the most powerful nation in the world (Novel reflections on, 2007). As a result, the nation soon faced a culture-shock of material prosperity during the 1920ââ¬â¢s. Also known as the ââ¬Å"roaring twentiesâ⬠, it was a time where life consisted of prodigality and extravagant parties. Writing based on his personal experiences, author F. ScottRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1166 Words à |à 5 Pagesin the Haze F. Scott Fitzgerald lived in a time that was characterized by an unbelievable lack of substance. After the tragedy and horrors of WWI, people were focused on anything that they could that would distract from the emptiness that had swallowed them. Tangible greed tied with extreme materialism left many, by the end of this time period, disenchanted. The usage of the literary theories of both Biographical and Historical lenses provide a unique interpretation of the Great Gatsby centered aroundRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald845 Words à |à 3 PagesIn F. Scott Fitzgeraldââ¬â¢s novel, The Great Gatsby, colors represent a variety of symbols that relate back to the American Dream. The dream of being pure, innocent and perfect is frequently associated with the reality of corruption, violence, and affairs. Gatsbyââ¬â¢s desire for achieving the American Dream is sought for through corruption (Schneider). The American Dream in the 1920s was perceived as a desire of w ealth and social standings. Social class is represented through the East Egg, the WestRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay970 Words à |à 4 Pagesrespecting and valuing Fitzgerald work in the twenty-first century? Fitzgerald had a hard time to profiting from his writing, but he was not successful after his first novel. There are three major point of this essay are: the background history of Fitzgerald life, the comparisons between Fitzgerald and the Gatsby from his number one book in America The Great Gatsby, and the Fitzgerald got influences of behind the writing and being a writer. From childhood to adulthood, Fitzgerald faced many good andRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2099 Words à |à 9 Pagesauthor to mirror his life in his book. In his previous novels F. Scott Fitzgerald drew from his life experiences. He said that his next novel, The Great Gatsby, would be different. He said, ââ¬Å"In my new novel Iââ¬â¢m thrown directly on purely creative workâ⬠(F. Scott Fitzgerald). He did not realize or did not want it to appear that he was taking his own story and intertwining it within his new novel. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, he imitates his lifestyle through the Buchanan family to demonstrateRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1607 Words à |à 7 Pages The Great Gatsby is an American novel written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald. One of the themes of the book is the American Dream. The American Dream is an idea in which Americans believe through hard work they can achieve success and prosperity in the free world. In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, the American Dream leads to popularity, extreme jealousy and false happiness. Jay Gatsbyââ¬â¢s recent fortune and wealthiness helped him earn a high social position and become one of the mostRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1592 Words à |à 7 PagesMcGowan English 11A, Period 4 9 January 2014 The Great Gatsby Individuals who approach life with an optimistic mindset generally have their goals established as their main priority. Driven by ambition, they are determined to fulfill their desires; without reluctance. These strong-minded individuals refuse to be influenced by negative reinforcements, and rely on hope in order to achieve their dreams. As a man of persistence, the wealthy Jay Gatsby continuously strives to reclaim the love of hisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1646 Words à |à 7 PagesThe 1920s witnessed the death of the American Dream, a message immortalized in F. Scott Fitzgeraldââ¬â¢s The Great Gatsby. Initially, the American Dream represented the outcome of American ideals, that everyone has the freedom and opportunity to achieve their dreams provided they perform honest hard work. During the 1920s, the United States experienced massive economic prosperity making the American Dream seem alive and strong. However, in Fitzgeraldââ¬â¢s eyes, the new Am erican culture build around that Aden Vaughnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18380288687934526630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8096803166589748308.post-15724702255289670862020-05-05T20:21:00.001-07:002020-05-05T20:21:09.370-07:00Accompanied By Somatic And Cognitive Changes-Myassignmenthelp.Com Question: Discuss About The Accompanied By Somatic And Cognitive Changes? Answer: Introduction Mental health problems case has become rampant worldwide. This is as a result of problems associated with both psychological and economic factors. Mental health illness does not choose age or gender. Any one of any age can be affected. The most common form of mental health problem in our day today is depression and suicide. Depression is characterized by presence of sad or empty mood, accompanied by somatic and cognitive changes. Depression significantly affects the individuals brain capacity and its functioning. Suicide is the act of intentionally causing ones own arm or death. In most cases people with depression have attempted suicide as a result of stress. In other cases, people commit suicide in order to avoid act of laws on them due to a committed offence. Depression can lead to suicide if not treated well. In extreme cases of mental health problems, where the patient in in acute condition, professional mental health nurses are required to handle the cases, since the patients r equires specialized mental health services for them to heal. Statistics show that approximately fifty percent of Australias population is affected by mental health problems. The most common type of mental health in Australia is depression which mostly affects the adults. Suicide is also another form of mental health in Australia which has grown rampantly in the country. The most affected group of depression is women. Many women suffer both prenatal and postnatal depression. Prenatal depression is experienced by women during pregnancy while postnatal depression is experienced after child birth. Depression and suicide in Australia In Australia many people have suffered mental health problems such as suicide and depression. In Australia, cases of suicide have fluctuated over years. The fluctuation of suicide cases in Australia have increased in relation to economic cycles of other aspects of social changes(Small, Lumley Yelland,2009). Distressing activities such as relationship breakdown, unemployment and social I solation has led to increased number of suicide in Australia. Friendship breakdown has greatly affected the youth who decide to commit suicide when left by their dear friends or relatives (Andersen Teicher, 2008) Due to unemployment cases, many people have lived miserable and some of them attempt to commit suicide especially family bread winners, as a result of failure to meet their familys needs, they decide to commit suicide since family needs becomes a burden to them. Suicide due to unemployment cases also occurs where the someone losses a valuable job and he or she is not able to secure another job easily. Psychological factors such as lose of loved ones and many other economic cycles (Mic haels, 2013). These includes economic depression and associated problems of collapse of land booms, occurrence of drought and also bank failures. Statistics show that more men in Australia have been involved in suicide case compare to women. Male suicide cases in Australia is associated with social factors such as wars and also great depression (Henderson, 2008). In many women suicide cases have been caused by disorders such as rumination disorders. This has also been related to restrictive food intake disorders and also intimate partner violence. Studies also show that the rate of ingestion of solid and liquid substances and drug abuse, which have increased cases of mental health problems has also lead to increased cases of suicide in Australia. Suicide cases have not only affected the adults in Australia, but also children between the age of five to eighteen years in Australia. Children committing suicide in Australia have been extremely influenced by coronial reporting practices where many children who are under eighteen years died. This has greatly influenced many children in committing suicide in Australia. Children are also committing suicide due to social isolation (Henderson, 2008). Some parents have isolated their children and left then to provide for themselves. This has greatly affect children hence they reach to an extent of committing suicide in case where they are not able to provide for their basic needs. Children also commit suicide due to stigmatization by other children and also their relatives especially where their parents died, or neglect. Depression About a million of people in Australia are currently suffering depression. Depression cases in Australia are rampant mostly among the young people (Pappas Hyder, 2012). Postnatal depression affects some women due to problems associated with labor and delivery such as complications of pregnancy. Some pregnancy complications affecting women includes; miscarriage, premature birth or premature death of the fetus. In Australia, depression tend to be rampant among the adolescents, and also early adulthood groups. Depression has therefore become the most frequently managed mental health problem among the young people in mental health service provision. Depression has also contributed to burden of diseases and injuries in females. This has also become the leading cause of road accidents for males. Studies show that depression affects both men and women but women are the mostly affected (Kruijshaar et al., 2010). Studies also show that an estimate of two thirds of young people with depression at least another mental disorder. The most affected group of people by depression cases in Australia are adults. this has been as a result of cases such as unemployment, family break ups, prenatal depression and also post-natal depression which are mostly affecting women during and after pregnancies, and other many case of depression facing the adults. suicidal cases are rampant among the youths (Kilkkinen et al.,2010). This is due to poor behavioral guidance among the youths. Suicidal cases are also many among the youths as a result of unhealthy relationships which end up breaking hence triggering suicide among them. Factors that have contributed to Jonathans mental health concerns and risks In scenario A, Jonathan has developed mental health concerns and risk due to his mother death and also due to his broken relationship. Jonathan has developed mental health concerns and risks as a result of psychological impacts of losing his mother, who played an important role in the family of ensuring peace between Jonathan and his father, hence since his death eleven months ago, he has not been in good terms with his father (Buist et al., 2008). Jonathan experienced post-traumatic stress due to loss of mother which led to change in his relationship with his father. All these led to generalized anxiety. Jonathan separated with his girlfriend Leah. Leah was not in a position to understand the trauma that Jonathan was going through due to his mothers death which went to an extent of affecting his schooling. A high priority and urgent mental health risk from the case study The high priority and mental health risk of Jonathan is stress. Jonathan is experiencing stress due to his mothers death, his broke up with Leah, work force which is making him unable to attend and submit his assessment tests. Jonathan is also stress since he may not be able to resume his job due to poor attendance. He is also stressed on whether he will be allowed to resume his training college due to lack of submission of assessment tests (Pappas Hyder, 2012). Jonathan is also stressed due to his break up with his girlfriend Leah. Assuming that I am a mental health nurse in care of Jonathan, I will urge him to attend family programs (Vos et al.,2014). Family programs help one to be able to cope with challenging family matters throughout ones life and this helps much on reducing chances of being a mental health problem victim. I would urge Jonathan to engage in healthy relationships which will help him grow both physically and mentally. As a nurse I will also assess the level of jon athans anxiety. I will contact an interview to Jonathan in order to understand his physiological and familial factors well. I will also ensure that Jonathan expresses his feelings well so that I can be able to give a good and the best medication that he needs. In jonathans case I will also ensure that I am aware and also able to recognize jonathans feelings. Trough assessing jonathans feelings, as a nurse I will be able to assist Jonathan in identifying his feelings and teach him on how to deal with them by establishing a therapeutic relationship with him. I will also avail myself for Jonathan whereby I will engage him in talks. I will also promote jonathans wellness by assisting him with ways of coping with his mental health problem (Kay, 2010). This will enable him avoid negative thoughts and begin developing positive thoughts. Before discharging Jonathan, I will urge his to adhere to medications well, maintain the positive coping strategies and avoid anything that can affect his mental health negatively. Ethical and legal consideration in health care Beneficence is doing something for the benefit of others, either to prevent or remove arm. beneficence is also doing something in order to improve someones situation I life. Ethical consideration in beneficence are ethical issues which are considered generally in attempting to do something for the benefit of the other (Tuckett, 2011). This is done where possible to in order to prevent of remove harm weigh and rescue the person from danger. Ethical considerations in beneficence helps people especially during the time of their disabilities. In another case. it ensures that the non-maleficence is doing no harm whenever possible by ensuring that one receives effective treatments. Many procedures, interventions and medication given to the patients may cause arm to his or her body tissues. Physicians and patients should therefore ensure that that advantages and disadvantages outweighs are considered before embarking in an action (Pan et al., 2011). This should be done in order to ensure that patients acquire the necessary health care services. For patients who have poor mental status, or are mentally ill, it is necessary to ensure that their relatives are approached before embarking on the treatment process. According to the case study A, Jonathan is supposed to be rescued from any other suicide attempt by offering psychotherapies, social support, supportive counselling and also pharmacotherapy (Clarke Currie, 2009). This is necessary for it will help him deal with his mental health problems. This will also help him avoid cases of suicide in future. Jonathan should also be encouraged to participate in family programs where he will be counselled on how to cope with the family matters he is going through. He should also be taught to engage in physical exercises (Norberg et al., 2008). Ethical. This will strengthen his body muscles and also increase the supply of enough oxygen thus avoiding collapse cases. Doing exercise will also help Jonathan in relaxing his mind. Jonathan should be assisted in identifying his feelings and how to deal with them by offering behavioral therapies. Jonathan should also bae assisted on the new methods of coping with his current situation. Jonathan should also be involved in strict follow up of his medication so as to fully recover (Oberle Allen, 2013). During hospital stay, the mental health nurses should keep an eye on him and ensure that there is no any dangerous object which he can use to attempt suicide. Jonathan should also be given a chance to verbalize his needs and thoughts which gives the baseline of helping him to prevent more harms to him in future, both physically and psychologically. A mental health problem in the case study and its interventions Jonathans main mental health is depression, which has been caused by psychological impacts of losing mother. This has greatly affected jonathans mental health. Jonathan mothers death has also affected his relationship with others, and also his school attendance. Due to depression., Jonathan has even reached to an extent of committing suicide (O'brien Golding, 2009). Jonathan should be assisted to accept the loss of his mother by providing sensitive, factual information concerning the loss. Jonathan should be encouraged to express his feelings freely and this will help him in building health relationships. This will also help him enhance grieving process in order to help him live well in absence of his deceased mother. This will promote his sense of self control as well as his health vision in future. In dealing with suicidal attempt, approaches are made to create therapeutic connections with patients. By doing this, it enables health care providers to pick up to basic cues (Tuckett, 2008). In identifying this cues, it starts with understanding that suicidal behaviors are neither considered an illness nor as a condition. Suicidal behaviors are rather considered as a complex set of behaviors which actually exists on a continuum that ranges from thoughts to eventual actions such as taking an overdose of a drug. So, when these cues are identified and determined to be significant, it becomes part and parcel of the care plan and this helps clients in coping with their mental problems. References Andersen, S. L., Teicher, M. H. (2008). Stress, sensitive periods and maturational events in adolescent depression.Trends in neurosciences,31(4), 183-191. Beautrais, A. L. (2008).Serious suicide attempts in young people: a case control study(Doctoral dissertation, University of Otago). Buist, A. E., Austin, M. P. V., Hayes, B. A., Speelman, C., Bilszta, J. L., Gemmill, A. W., ... Milgrom, J. (2008). Postnatal mental health of women giving birth in Australia 20022004: findings from the beyondblue National Postnatal Depression Program.Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,42(1), 66-73. Buist, A. E., Austin, M. P. V., Hayes, B. A., Speelman, C., Bilszta, J. L., Gemmill, A. W., ... Milgrom, J. (2008). Postnatal mental health of women giving birth in Australia 20022004: findings from the beyondblue National Postnatal Depression Program.Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,42(1), 66-73. Caldwell, T. M., Jorm, A. F., Dear, K. B. (2004). Suicide and mental health in rural, remote and metropolitan areas in Australia.The Medical Journal of Australia,181(7), 10. Clarke, D. M., Currie, K. C. (2009). Depression, anxiety and their relationship with chronic diseases: a review of the epidemiology, risk and treatment evidence.The Medical Journal of Australia,190(7), 54-60. Henderson, A. S., Korten, A. E., Jacomb, P. A., Mackinnon, A. J., Jorm, A. F., Christensen, H., Rodgers, B. (2008). The course of depression in the elderly: a longitudinal community-based study in Australia.Psychological medicine,27(1), 119-129. Kay, R. W. (2010). Geomagnetic storms: association with incidence of depression as measured by hospital admission.The British Journal of Psychiatry,164(3), 403-409. Kilkkinen, A., Kao?Philpot, A., O'neil, A., Philpot, B., Reddy, P., Bunker, S., Dunbar, J. (2010). Prevalence of psychological distress, anxiety and depression in rural communities in Australia.Australian Journal of Rural Health,15(2), 114-119. Kruijshaar, M. E., Barendregt, J., Vos, T., de Graaf, R., Spijker, J., Andrews, G. (2010). Lifetime prevalence estimates of major depression: an indirect estimation method and a quantification of recall bias.European journal of epidemiology,20(1), 103-111. Michaels, M. H. (2013). Ethical considerations in writing psychological assessment reports.Journal of clinical psychology,62(1), 47-58. Norberg, A., Hirschfeld, M., Davidson, B., Davis, A., Lauri, S., Lin, J. Y., ... Ziv, L. (2008). Ethical reasoning concerning the feeding of severely demented patients: an international perspective.Nursing Ethics,1(1), 3-13. Oberle, K., Allen, M. (2013). Ethical considerations for nurses in clinical trials.Nursing Ethics,13(2), 180-186. O'brien, A. J., Golding, C. G. (2009). Coercion in mental healthcare: the principle of least coercive care.Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing,10(2), 167-173. Pan, A., Sun, Q., Okereke, O. I., Rexrode, K. M., Hu, F. B. (2011). Depression and risk of stroke morbidity and mortality: a meta-analysis and systematic review.Jama,306(11), 1241-1249. Pappas, G., Hyder, A. A. (2012). Exploring ethical considerations for the use of biological and physiological markers in population-based surveys in less developed countries.Globalization and health,1(1), 16. Small, R., Lumley, J., Yelland, J. (2009). Cross-cultural experiences of maternal depression: associations and contributing factors for Vietnamese, Turkish and Filipino immigrant women in Victoria, Australia.Ethnicity health,8(3), 189-206. Stack, S. (2009). Suicide: a 15?year review of the sociological literature part I: cultural and economic factors.Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior,30(2), 145-162. Tuckett, A. G. (2008). Virtuous principles as an ethic for nursing.Contemporary nurse,9(2), 106-114. Tuckett, A. G. (2011). The care encounter: pondering caring, honest communication and control.International journal of nursing practice,11(2), 77-84. Vos, T., Haby, M. M., Barendregt, J. J., Kruijshaar, M., Corry, J., Andrews, G. (2014). The burden of major depression avoidable by longer-term treatment strategies.Archives of General Psychiatry,61(11), 1097-1103. Aden Vaughnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18380288687934526630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8096803166589748308.post-31279549648433173192020-04-14T16:20:00.001-07:002020-04-14T16:20:03.491-07:00Is health care a basic right free essay sample Can it be limited if the cost of providing unlimited treatment is prohibitive? If so, should it be regarded as a commodity and limited by market mechanisms, or should it be rationed by government regulation? If not, how can the nation pay for it? Health Care, like all other services comes at a financial cost. While we should strive to make health care available and affordable to all, the bottom line is that it is a service that can only be provided if the voting populous agrees on its need. Basic human rights do not cost money. We have the right to life and liberty which is great and we do not have to pay for it. We have the right to basic medical care as well. But we can only have that if other people pay for it. And that is the problem with health care as a basic human right. We will write a custom essay sample on Is health care a basic right? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The only way it can happen is if the rights of others are curtailed. Some people will be forced to pay for it and others like doctors and nurses will be forced to provide it. All people of the world should be able to receive adequate health care when they need it. How this would work is another question all together. When we are talking about governments providing plans and systems for this to work it starts getting very complicated and ever the best and brightest have not come up with the golden bullet. Much work is still needed to figure this one out. Americans consider health care a basic right. Through Medicare, Medicaid, and employer health plan requirements government has arranged broad access to health care. Yet, like other rights, it is limited. For example, patients in managed care do not have the right to unrestricted care and some expensive treatments. Medical costs continue their rise and the nation cannot afford lavish, universal health care. Instead of a comprehensive rationing system imposed by government, market forces will determine how, when, and for whom care is limited. The HCA saga is a small, but conspicuous part of this trend. Having the government regulate health care cost is so far the best solution because if everyone takes advantage of this unlimited treatment, who will pay for it? In the worst case scenario the nation might probably go bankrupt if they do not regulate it. Thus health care should be limited if the cost of providing unlimited treatment is prohibitive. Health care is an essential service like education, clean water and air and protection from crime, all of which we already acknowledge are public responsibilities. Never mind that manyà Americans do not believe that public agencies are in fact providing adequate schooling, pollution control, and crime prevention. If we think health care is a right, then we should be appalled that the United States is the only western democracy whose citizens do not have universal access to health care. If you think health care is a commodity, then you should accept the fact that some of those without coverage will end up at the mercy of their hospital when the medical bills come due. Realizing that there is no free lunch when it comes to health care. That is why health care should be rationed by government regulations. Hospitals are a local monopoly. The result is that hospitals may tend to monopolize their local area, consolidating or driving competitors out of business and then charging rent-extracting prices for their services. Given the basic necessity of healthcare services and the resulting political sensitivity of the issue, this is generally viewed as a Bad Thing. So government serves a role by treating hospitals like an airport, utility, or other natural monopoly, and regulating their prices or rate of return. Many of the arguments in the media for government intervention in the US healthcare market are really observations that the current set of regulations is functioning very poorly. One of the more insidious arguments in this vein is that reform of the healthcare system will lead to rationing of care. But the entire economy is about rationing of goods and services. Unless we are willing to spend a ruinous portion of our GDP on healthcare services, these services will be rationed, one way or another. The best hope of economists is that they are rationed in an efficient way, a way that lets consumers trade off, as well as possible, the benefit of a healthcare procedure versus the other uses those resources could go to. This is the reason that attaching prices to procedures is in theory a good thing. What gets mixed up with prices is the differential access of the rich and poor to procedures under a price system. Many of the problems with modern healthcare have been trial-and-error attempts to identify what allocations of healthcare are approximately efficient. In the US, they have ended up with a system where we give out too much healthcare, whereas in Britain and elsewhere the problem may lie somewhere toward the other end of the spectrum. Healthcare industry need to place an honest value, sell products only for what they are worth and involve a third party for payment only when absolutely necessary.à But above all there is no value on healthcare costs. The money is not spent on caring for our health. This is how the free market works. It is not a market, and it is not free. Aden Vaughnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18380288687934526630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8096803166589748308.post-40090597508942433012020-03-12T04:22:00.001-07:002020-03-12T04:22:02.283-07:00The Brown Wasps Essay ExampleThe Brown Wasps Essay Example The Brown Wasps As pointed out by Bear (1), The Brown Wasps is a Loren Eiseleys essay which demonstrates how human sense of place and self can be based on the fantasy and false remembrance. He notes that Eiseley, through his writing, depicts humans and animals as primarily clinging to things they are strongly acquitted to and even in most cases they act as if nothing has changed at all. According to him, the Eiseleys essay portrays how humans and animals tend to relate to nature intrinsically based on their belief rather than the reality. This raises philosophical concerns as to why people tend to keep to their fixed images even in the unchanging present times. This paper summarizes and responds to the article The Brown Wasps. Summary and Response to the Article At the beginning of the essay, Eiseley carefully constructs a rumination that illustrated how humans and animals tend to act in a similar manner. Eiseley compares the homeless men who find shelter in train stations with the scenario of the wasp that continuously revisits its hive for accommodation. This is evident in the manner in which both men and wasps die in their special areas. As pointed out by Bear (1), Eiseley depicts homeless men coming to die to the train station benches as similar to the death of wasps in the paper homes. He notes that men sit and cling to benches at the train stations and at times fail to leave the benches even when chased by policemen. Equally, Eiseley notes as dying wasps are lingering around their hives until they are worn out and died. This shows that human beings, just like other animals, have an imaginary home in their minds that acts as their reference point to the actions. Additionally, he uses the wasps and homeless men scenario in the article to denote that all that matters in this world is occupying a given space. Dickson (1) notes that Eiseley in his essay depicts a place as the heart of things that humans and animals engage in. However, the similarity at which Eiseley denotes humans and animals imagination about special place is what raises philosophical issues. According to Dickson (1), Eiseley shows that other living creatures tend to carry these special places within their minds similar to humans. He notes that the repercussive effect of this notion towards animal is whether a cat, dog or a cow on their returning to their homes, see the buildings as anything rather than a place for biological needs. Moreover, Eiseley in his essay denotes human beings and animals as primarily clinging to a given time and place where they have adapted to. As he notes, both the dead and the living revolve endlessly about an episode, an event that has been engulfed by time. Dickson (1) points out that the central memory of place, and the episode of things that happen around us is the pivotal centre around which other events and other memories have been organized at a given time. For instance, Eiseley notes that a slug eating ice cream in abandoned Dixie cup which is its right place and furthers with the act until something changes that is a bit of ice cream left over. The concept of originality tries to exemplify why people tend to lose the reality especially in case of mental illness. This is due to the fact that changes in gene depression normally alter the brain functionality thereby ensuring loss of original home and reality. Therefore, it is important to base our present activities on previous fixed image in order to keep the originality of ourselves which wholly dictates our functionality. On the other hand, Eiseleys essay gives the notion of human beings and animals that try to recreate imaginary structures in order to cling to their original ways. This is evident when Eiseley denotes a group of pigeons who returned to the demolished railway station in order to hopefully recreate their home. He notes that the fact that these pigeons were provided by food by people at the railway station, they had clung to the place as the heart of things that would enhance their existence. By this, Eiseley signified that only the past can be a nail to which our present existence and success can be anchored to. According to Cain (132), the boy in the narrative has never lost the grit about the tree because he could remember some of the past spoken words by his father. She points out that the tree which was planted by the boy sixty years ago had taken roots in his mind and he believed that living under its branches was going to make him prosper. This tree, which represents the family, denotes how old the family life is. It also indicates that we constantly look at it in order to form the basic construction of our memories. Conclusion In conclusion, The Brown Wasps essay has highlighted human minds as based on the past events that dictate their present lives. It shows the need of people to adapt to changing environments that help them to restructure their minds from fixed imagination in order to live in an organized society. Moreover, time and place have been noted as important elements of life. Aden Vaughnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18380288687934526630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8096803166589748308.post-47035864919619917352020-02-24T18:46:00.001-08:002020-02-24T18:46:03.426-08:00Jurisprudence (Ethics and Morality) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 wordsJurisprudence (Ethics and Morality) - Essay Example Kautilya2 an ancient Indian scholar who's Arthasastra is famous for its depiction of instructions and advices to a king clearly required the state to provide for the maintenance of childless women. In his view moral considerations were not to occupy the politics, which should simply concentrate on victory only. The magnum opus Arthasastra fulfils the requirements of twentieth century international law for the recognition of a state. In ancient Rome, pontiffs and their sons were alone empowered to deliver judgements. Only in third century BC some eminent groups like Proculians and Sabinians produced a relevant literature. In the cultural movement during Byzantine Empire in 5th century only Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis was born.3 Feminist jurisprudence is a philosophy based on political, economic and social equality of sexes. This theory is believed to have sprung up in 1960s. Feminists strongly believe that gender is created not by biological difference but by social interpretations. Physical appearances and capacity of reproduction of women, according to them, should be considered as identity factors only. In other areas like psychological, social and moral traits, women are to be treated at par with men. Although feminists have a common ideology of women rights, they are divided among themselves in some basic thoughts. Liberal feminists are staunch in their endeavour of erasing gender-based discriminations in recognised laws against women. Cultural feminists aspire for the recognition of women's moral voice of caring and communal values. Radical feminists strongly object to simply accommodating the physiological and emotional differences of women, but they require a society to construct an equality of sex based on these differences. The practicability of feminist jurisprudence lies in accepting the fact that people live in a patriarchal society. Researchers derive at a conclusion that patriarchy emerged since the advent of agrarian societies; they are of the view that women were enjoying relatively high status in pre-agrarian societies. The role of women in this period is something more than childbearing and caring the family as they shared the production related works with males. (Patrie, 1923) Agrarian production brought importance to ploughs and consequently to males who became the breadwinners of the family and began to posses control over resources. During this era, the might of women in their family administration was tactfully recognised by men within the walls of the family making them feel 'moron' outside their family. First-wave feminism prevailed from nineteenth century up to late 1960,during when abortion and contraception were not the issues handled by the feminists, who involved in political power games behind policy making in the UK and France; they were campaigning in favour of education, employment, marital rights and rights to vote only. They began to think of contraception followed by abortion only after First World War. Feminists in France happened to realise the need for abortion after the Second World War. Technological developments in the aftermath of World War II threw light on use of contraceptives and non-surgical abortion. France still under the strong Aden Vaughnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18380288687934526630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8096803166589748308.post-46487890351854592932020-02-08T11:34:00.001-08:002020-02-08T11:34:02.734-08:00Is Infant Industry in Vietnam A Good Idea EssayIs Infant Industry in Vietnam A Good Idea - Essay Example The researcher states that international trade is deemed as one of the essential steps towards success in the global industry. It is also expected that trade liberalization could alleviate poverty rate in the country. On the downside, there will always be an increasing demand from developed, First World countries towards excessive liberalization of foreign imports and investment. In some cases, free trade has been helpful for China and Taiwan, albeit with some violations and tremendous criticisms. At the international forefront, it has received a tremendous setback such that the Doha trade talks had been stalled while governments block the acquisition of foreign companies. Only a tip-in of the iceberg, Vietnam is faced with the need to broaden and widen its free trade defenses while maintaining its infant industry towards economic and improvement of rural development in the countryside. Aimed at protecting an industry, or a country in this particular scenario, the infant industry is an argument claiming the need for, as well as allowing, small firms in underdeveloped or developing countries to have a protection mechanism or policies against large, well-established, and well-developed industries or countries. Because new firms, particularly in developing countries, are not yet capable to go on a head-to-head battle with well-recognized business establishments from developed countries, the infant industry argument allows a developing country to impose a protective tariff, or tax, to imported goods and products. When this occurs, imported goods are obliged to increase prices, thus making them less competitive as compared to those local businesses in developing economies. In return, local businesses are able to gain a strong footing in their local economy until such time that it could achieve a sufficient size and obtain a significant economy of scale. Aden Vaughnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18380288687934526630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8096803166589748308.post-2407273938490575022020-01-29T20:06:00.001-08:002020-01-29T20:06:03.115-08:00Metamorphosis and the Yellow Wallpaper Essay Example for Free Metamorphosis and the Yellow Wallpaper Essay Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper and Franz Kafkas Metamorphosis contain many similarities. They both have the common theme of the deterioration of the main characters life and mind, as well as the theme of the ostracism of outcasts in society. They also both deal with the main characters gaining a freedom through the demise of their previous lives. The woman in The Yellow Wallpaper is slowly deteriorating in mental state. When she first moves into the room in the old house, the wallpaper intrigues her. Its pattern entrances her and makes her wonder about its makeup. But slowly her obsession with the wallpaper grows, taking over all of her time. She starts to see the pattern moving, and imagines it to be a woman trapped behind the wallpaper. The total deterioration of her sanity is reached when she becomes the woman she imagined in the wallpaper and begins creeping around the room. Similar to the woman in Gilmans story, Gregor, in The Metamorphosis, watches as his life slowly deteriorates. He woke up one morning to find himself to have taken the shape of a bug. But early on he tried to continue in his normal activities; he focused on how he was going to make it to the train station so he did not miss his train, and how his employer would be upset with his absence from work. Then he begins to realize that he is a bug, and he cannot live his life the same way he used to. His sister begins to take care of him, and he loses touch with everything human that he used to know. His mother and father take away all of his furniture and other possessions. Gregors family come to the agreement that the bug must be eliminated, it was not Aden Vaughnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18380288687934526630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8096803166589748308.post-74187246500854920512020-01-21T16:30:00.001-08:002020-01-21T16:30:03.064-08:00The Powerful Message of Ayn Randââ¬â¢s Atlas Shrugged Essay -- Atlas ShrugThe Powerful Message of Ayn Randââ¬â¢s Atlas Shrugged à à Capitalism, according to John Galt, is "mutual trade to mutual advantage," (Rand Atlas Shrugged 989) or as Adam Smith put it: "[trade] by mutual consent and to mutual advantage." In true capitalism, the economy is strictly separated from the state, just as there is a separation between church and state in the USA. This basic tenet of capitalism describes the only economic system that can be morally justifiable. Communism, fascism, socialism, dictatorships and "regulated capitalism" are all systems that breach upon an individual's basic rights, while capitalism respects and recognizes a man's right to control the product of his mind. In her philosophical treatise Atlas Shrugged, Ayn Rand uses fictional characters and events to dramatize the only economy that is consistent with man's rights and virtues. à à à à à à à Before Ayn Rand, no one had ever seriously attempted to justify capitalism on moral grounds. It was a given that capitalism was immoral; the proponents of capitalism merely tried to exhibit the efficiency of the system (i.e., it is a "necessary evil"). Economists did this because they focused only on the people who would be helped by an anti-capitalist society: the "needy." What Ayn Rand presents so masterfully through Atlas Shrugged is the objective perspective of what is occurring in societies where people may take from others for the "public good"; in the novel, she repeatedly begs the question: "At whose expense?" When the People's State of Mexico nationalizes the San Sebastià ¡n mines, Ayn Rand clearly presents what is really happening: a gang of looters is robbing an honest business for their own benefit. In any other case, this wo... ...and certainly undeserving Orren Boyle can use it without compensation. Is that justice? It is clear that capitalism is the only economic system that gives people what they deserve; capitalism is economic justice. à à à à à à à Capitalism has been proven time and time again to be the most "effective" (in terms of production) economic system in existence, but this is only secondary to the primary fact that it is the only moral economy. In Atlas Shrugged Ayn Rand shows that, by its very nature, capitalism is freedom: the freedom for a man to do what he wants to do with the product of his own mind and effort and, the corollary to that, the freedom to live. à Works Cited Rand, Ayn. Atlas Shrugged. New York: Random House, Inc., 1957. ---. "Man's Rights." Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal. New York: The New American Library, 1967. 286-94. à à Aden Vaughnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18380288687934526630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8096803166589748308.post-4584589440844680222020-01-13T12:54:00.001-08:002020-01-13T12:54:04.045-08:00Business Analysis – International Strategy and Competitive AdvantagesIntroduction According to Iliev et al (2004, p. 133), Apple Inc. was selling its products exclusively in America, initially. Nowadays, Apple has expanded significantly beyond domestic market. Apple has so far succeeded to become a multinational organization, selling products and resourcing law materials globally. To minimize the impact of the existing rivalry in the PC industry at the global edge and to maintain competitive advantage, Apple applies non-competition strategies, (Yoffie, 2004).This section examines the strategies adopted Apple Inc to penetrate and to manage rivalry in the global market. Further, this part looks into the competitive advantages of Apple Inc, which enable it to maintain competitive edge In the PC industry globally. In addition, paper briefly highlights the benefits and shortcomings of the strategies adopted by Apple Inc, giving potential solutions and strategies based on the available data. International strategy According to Iliev et al (2004, p. 133), Ap ple Inc. ses a combination of product development and product proliferation strategies to achieve and maintain its international competitiveness. Iliev et al notes that, product proliferation strategy is similar to the approaches used in creating barriers to entry. In such an approach, if new niches develop, the leader in a given industry benefits most. For example, Apple got the first mover advantage in the digital music market where it was the first company to provide online music through iTunes and the iPod.The other companies in the industry started to move into the niche, competition was raised and rivalry decreased Product development on the other hand refers to the process of innovation of new or better products so as to replace the old ones. Apple has managed to lead in the PC industry in innovation and design hence, it has been able to exploit available opportunities and to gain significant market share in the international market. For example, in 2002 and 2003, iTunes and the iPod were made available by Apple at windows version.As a result, demand for the products skyrocketed and helped to propel revenues for Apple to record high. In fact, today, iTunes account for 70% for global market for digital music downloads, (Jones, 2011). The combination of product development and product proliferation strategies is beneficial to Apple since the perceived value of the products of Apple Inc. generated through innovation and superior design proves to be inimitable competency. Thus, as much as this advantage exists, Apple will continue to lead in the PC industry.However, the product proliferation strategy adopted by Apple Inc. a major shortcoming. According to Iliev et al (2004, p. 133), this tactic leads to high pressure for cost reduction and for local responsiveness. This makes this approach the most difficult to realize, but if a company succeeds, it can obtain a low cost structure and also considerable level of customer acceptance. According to Iliev et al (2004, p. 133), Apple applies this approach, but, it has not yet attained the optimal point.As a result, the majority of computer owners in the global market do not know much about Appleââ¬â¢s technology. For Apple to attain appropriately low cost situation, it has to come up with ways to persuade PC users in the global market from the very entry of their innovative and technological superiority. Competitive advantage Apple Inc faces great competition form other companies in the PC industry such as Dell, Compaq and Gateway. This forces Apple to come up with competitive strategies which best fits generic business level strategy in the industry life cycle (Lubeck et al, 2009, p. ). According Lubeck et al, Apple is keen to constantly watch the other players and tries to predict the step that each of them is likely to take in the future in order to be ahead of them. Further, Apple possesses competitive advantage in specific areas resulting from its distinctive competencies. First, Ap ple enhances the quality of its products through improved product design, (Iliev et al (2004, p. 135). According to Besanko et al, (2009, p. 362) this helps in creating value through functionality and better product quality, thus leading to more pricing options and differentiation.Moreover, the Human Resource Department of Apple Inc facilitates it to reach superior quality since it recruits high skilled workforce that ultimately leads to better product quality, thereby also leading to more pricing options and differentiation. Also, the Research and Development department of Apple Inc plays an important role as a source of superior innovation and comes up with new brands of products that create more value to the customers and enhances usability. As well, this factor results in more pricing options and to differentiation. Finally, the information systems in Apple Inc enhances internal communication and also, xternal coordination which in turn, optimizes business processes. This helps to reduce costs due to increased efficiency. According to Iliev et al (2004, p. p. 135). Apple adopts a model which acknowledges these distinctive competencies and sets a business model which facilitates it to enforce and to organize its competitive advantage. Therefore, all these above competencies enable Apple Inc to achieve superior level of innovation, enhance quality of its products and increase efficiency in production, hence provide Apple with a competitive advantage.Conclusion In conclusion, Apple uses product a both product development and product proliferation strategies to achieve and maintain competitiveness in the global market. This approach is beneficial since the perceived value of the products of Apple Inc. generated through innovation and superior design proves to be inimitable competency. However, this approach leads to high pressure for cost reduction and for local responsiveness and hence, it becomes the most difficult approach to realize. As demonstrated in thi s part, Apple Inc. eeds to come up with ways to persuade PC users in the global market from the very entry of their innovative and technological superiority so as to attain the benefits of the strategy of cost reduction. As noted in the essay, Apple Inc. possesses various competencies including; product design, branding, usability and internal communication and external coordination. These competencies enable Apple to attain a competitive advantage against the competitors. References Besanko, D. , Dranove, D. , Shanley, M. & Schaefer, S. (2009), Economics of Strategy, John Wiley and Sons, New York Iliev V. , Lindinger, A. & Poettler G. , (2004), ââ¬Å"Apple Coputer Inc. Strategic audit,â⬠Retrieved from, http://www. andreaslindinger. net/downloads/strategicmgmts-lindingeretal. pdf Jones D. , (2011), ââ¬Å"Apple strives for global markets,â⬠Retrieved from, http://online. wsj. com/article/SB10001424052748703302604575294530119152528. html Lubeck, B. , Niltz J. , Danforth, J. & Brannon J. , (2009), Apple Inc. : creating and sustaining a competitive advantage, retrieved from, Aden Vaughnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18380288687934526630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8096803166589748308.post-66594902928493215912020-01-05T09:17:00.001-08:002020-01-05T09:17:04.440-08:00Living and testamentary trusts - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2181 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Answer The subject matter contained in this question emanates from the study of living and testamentary trusts. A living trust or trust inter vivos trust can be defined as a declaration made by a Settlor, during his/her life-time, to transfer some interest in real or personal property to a trustee to hold in favour of a beneficiary or beneficiaries[1]. A will on the other hand is primarily a document, legal in nature, which purports to speak from the death of the Testator, through which he/she transfers an interest in their real or personal property to persons named as trustees, to hold in favour of a singular or multiple beneficiaries[2]. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Living and testamentary trusts" essay for you Create order Due to the unique nature of trusts and the gravity of the obligations they can confer on an individual, there are elements to which a trust must conform to be validly constituted. Firstly, there must be certainty of subject matter which includes certainty of the trust property and certainty of the beneficial interest[3] In general, the trust must allow for the property to be properly identified and must also be clear on how the property should be distributed among the beneficiaries of the trust. Secondly, there must be a clear intention on the part of the Settlor to vest an interest in property in favour of the beneficiary through the creation of the trust[4]. This may be evidenced by some express or manifested act by which he/she shows that there is an irrevocable intention to create a trust such as the execution of a will or deed of gift transferring the property to their trustees to hold in favour of the beneficiary. However, the Settlor does not always need to transfer any int erest in the property for a trust to be validly constituted this is especially so in the case of an inter vivos trust where the Settlor can maintain and enjoy the benefits of the property for their lifetime and even nominate themselves as trustees. These principles also apply generally to all express trusts including trusts inter vivos although less rigidly so. It is from this general background in the foregoing that we can look at the dispositions made in the case above and further discuss their validity in light of the Law in force, recent legal decisions and the merits contained in the facts of each case. Ãâà £60,000 to my trustees to be distributed at their unfettered discretion amongst such of my good friends and colleagues who I have known at the various universities that I have worked for. The issues identified in this question is whether Aveline has created a valid inter vivos trust through a document executed under her hand purporting to transfer Ãâà £60,000 to her trustees for distribution to her good friends and colleagues who she had worked with at various universities. It is trite Law that for a trust to be validly constituted, it must be created with certainty of intention, have certainty of subject-matter and certainty of objects[5]. The subject matter of the trust must be property which is capable of being transferred. There is also a requirement that the subject matter of the trust must be something capable of being distributed among the beneficiaries and there should be no confusion as to how to distribute the trust property or who should benefit from its distribution. Finally, there must be an express act which shows that the Settlor intends to create an unconditional release by the Settlor of all future dominion and control over the property. O n application of the general principles regarding trusts above, we can see in this case that the subject-matter of the trust is certain and that the execution of the inter vivos document is a clear act which shows that Aveline intends to create a trust in favour of the beneficiaries named in the trust. For example, in the case Pennington v Waine (2002), the Court of Appeal held inter alia that the execution and delivery of share transfer forms to an intermediary for the purpose of registering a new owner created a valid transfer of an equitable interest. However, it is unclear from the wording of the trust document who her good friends and colleagues are or how much each should get as a share in the Ãâà £60,000 which is the subject matter of the trust. Legal decisions have confirmed that objects (beneficiaries) to a trust should not be vague and even though the Law will always try to give effect to the Settlorà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s wishes, Avelineà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s description of who is to be the beneficiary of the trust is too vague too to constitute a valid disposition[6]. Even if there was any way to decide who her good friends and colleagues are, there is still a problem with how much each of the beneficiaries should get as shares in the money. This is an invalid disposition in the trust and would be incapable of execution by the trustees without further direction Re Baden[7]. One flat in London to be selected by Avelineà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s daughter as an absolute gift for herself and the remaining flats to be sold and the proceeds of sale to be invested for a period of 21 years in order to provide a reasonable income for my two nieces. The main elements of a valid gift inter vivos are that there must be a valid intention to create a trust in favour of the beneficiary, there must be an actual delivery of the gift or subject matter to the beneficiary and finally, that the beneficiary must accept the gift as it was given. Although the element of delivery is less strictly applied in cases where the gift is made as part of transactions between families, there must be some overt act through which the intention to create the trust is shown. In this case Avelineà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s execution of an inter vivos document satisfies the requirement for an overt act showing the intention to create the trust. The trust however starts to falter when Avelineà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s daughter fails to select any of her flats in London before her death thereby making it impossible for her to have accepted the trust. Failure to accept the trust has the effect of causing the failure of this disposition to Avelineà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s daugh ter. The remaining flats in London were to be sold and the proceeds from such sale are to be used to fund a trust to be held for 21 years to provide an income for Avelineà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s two nieces. The size of this disposition is subject to any previous selection from Avelineà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s daughter and since she made none, all the flats would now be sold under the operation of the inter vivos document. The rule perpetuities which seeks to limit the possibilities of Settlor continuing to exert too much influence over property after their death would not apply in this case as the trust was created in favour of Avelineà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s nieces who are were alive at the same time as Aveline and her daughter and therefore able to enjoy the property without running foul of the rule[8]. The limitation in duration of this gift would therefore make the disposition valid[9]. The words, à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã âa reasonable incomeà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã also denotes a certainty in the subject matt er of the trust and that further validates this disposition Re Golay Morris v Bridgewater and Others[10]. A sum of Ãâà £200,000 to be distributed equally amongst my grandchildren, my nieces and nephews The intention is definitely evident with the execution of the inter vivos document but there is a bigger question when the wording of the document itself is construed in answer to the first issue on whether the intention was to create a trust or merely an absolute gift. There seems to be no intention from the wording to hold any part of this money in trust for the beneficiaries, rather, the intent seems to be that Avelineà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s grandchildren, nieces and nephews are to have the subject matter distributed amongst them in equal shares without more. There is no intention to create a trust here and none of the words of the document seeks to create one in favour of any of the objects mentioned[11]. Gift of residuary estate to family members who in the opinion of the trustees deserved it. It is clear here that the executors are given the discretion to decide in whose favour to perform the trust and thereby identifying who may have recourse to the court in the event that the trustees does not fulfil the duty placed on them. Avelines failure to define clearly the members of her family may mean that the property can only be held on trust for the Settlor or all her remaining estate McPhail v Doulton (1971). The test in the foregoing case is whether it is possible to define with any certainty whether a person belongs to a group or class mentioned in a trust as a potential beneficiary. The criteria upon which the trustees are to base their decision itself is unclear as the determination of what constitutes a deserving beneficiary in this disposition would be exceedingly difficult to define. As this concept is too imprecise to give any certainty of objects, this disposition will fail See Re Baden (No 2) (1973). Confirming this view, the courts have held in R v District Auditor ex p West Yorkshire MC (1986) that if a testator chooses a wide class of people to be beneficiaries and if the trustees cannot effectively fulfil their duties even under a discretionary trust, the trust must fail. Gift to Valerie if the trustees fail to distribute trust amongst Avelineà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s family It is valid practice to name alternative beneficiaries for each gift made to a primary beneficiary. This act is considered good practice and prudence as creating a gift to an alternative beneficiary in case the primary disposition fails, leaves nothing to chance[12]. In this Will, Aveline seems to have made a gift to an alternative beneficiary in the event that any of the primary gifts to any members of her family fails. Further investigation on the construction of the words making this disposition shows that this may not be the case. The literal interpretation of the will must be ascertained from the words used in the document itself and from the context in which they are used[13]. Upon this literal construction, the trustees seem not be under any duty to actually try to distribute any of the property to her family. However, there is an implied fiduciary duty to all trustees to carry out the intentions of the Settlor. Therefore, upon failure to disburse the estate to her family , Aveline has unequivocally instructed the estate to be given to her fried Valerie. There remains some issue with this trust. The extent of Avelineà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s estate may be an unknown quantity and one which the Trustees would be unable to define as at the time the Will was executed. There are doubts as to the certainty of subject matter under this, and various legal decisions would call this disposition into doubt[14]. However, the decision of the Court of Appeal in Hunter v Moss seems to point an exception to the rule of certainty in situations where the property is an intangible asset. In this exception, the courts would give effect to the disposition despite the fact that there is no certainty of subject matter. This exception would not apply if the property was land. Therefore Valerieà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s gift may be valid in some cases. Avelineà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s disposition to Valerie would be valid if the estate was easily determinable and also if it can be shown that any other dispositions to Avelineà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s family have failed. Bibliography Primary Sources Legislation Wills Act 1837 (c.26) Wills Act 1968 (A.C.T) Case Law MacJordan Construction v Brookmount [1992] BCLC 350. Paul v Constance (1977) Knight v Knight (1840), 3 Beav, 148, 49 ER 58 (Ch) See Palmer v Simmonds (1854) 2 Drew 221, HC Hancock v Watson [1902]AC 14, HL Re Wightwick [1950] 1 Ch 260 Thynn v Thynn (1684) Pennington v Waine (2002) Secondary Sources Books Wills, Trusts, and Estates By Jesse Dukeminier, Stanley M. Johanson Published by Aspen Law Business, 2000. Trusts and Equity By Richard Edwards, Nigel Stockwell Published by Pearson Education, 2005 A Simplified Guide to Creating a Personal Will, By Deborah Herman, Deborah Levine Herman, Robin L. Bodiford Published by John Wiley and Sons, 2003. Administration of Wills, Trusts, and Estates By Gordon W. Brown Published by Cengage Learning, 2002. Equity Trusts By Alastair Hudson Published by Routledge, 2001. 1 Footnotes [1] Wills, Trusts, and Estates By Jesse Dukeminier, Stanley M. Johanson Published by Aspen Law Business, 2000 pg 372 [2] Trusts and Equity By Richard Edwards, Nigel Stockwell Published by Pearson Education, 2005 [3] MacJordan Construction v Brookmount [1992] BCLC 350. [4] Paul v Constance (1977) [5] Knight v Knight (1840), 3 Beav, 148, 49 ER 58 (Ch) [6] See Palmer v Simmonds (1854) 2 Drew 221, HC [7] [1973] Ch.9 [8] Hancock v Watson [1902]AC 14, HL [9] Re Wightwick [1950] 1 Ch 260 [10] [1965] 2 All ER 660, HC [11] Thynn v Thynn (1684) [12] A Simplified Guide to Creating a Personal Will, By Deborah Herman, Deborah Levine Herman, Robin L. Bodiford Published by John Wiley and Sons, 2003 page 29 [13] Administration of Wills, Trusts, and Estates By Gordon W. Brown Published by Cengage Learning, 2002 [14] Equity Trusts By Alastair Hudson Published by Routledge, 2001 pg 75 Aden Vaughnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18380288687934526630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8096803166589748308.post-37902813937972186192019-12-28T05:42:00.001-08:002019-12-28T05:42:04.248-08:00Glucocorticoids Drug Metabolism - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3366 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Science Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Drugs Essay Did you like this example? The Role of Glucocorticoid Receptor in the Regulation of Drug Metabolism Introduction Glucocorticoids are extremely important in our life due to their pivotal roles in maintaining homeostasis and coping with stress. Tremendous attention has focused on glucocorticoids because of their wide usage in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and their implications to the pathogenesis of many wide-spread disorders, such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, etc. Many pathophysilogical effects of glucocorticoids are contributed by their transcriptional regulation of approximately 10% of our genes (Buckingham, 2006) and these effects are predominantly dependent on the interaction between glucocorticoids and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a ligand-activated transcription factor. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Glucocorticoids Drug Metabolism" essay for you Create order Although a variety of physiological functions, such as immune response, metabolism, growth, etc, could be closely related to the GR-mediated gene regulation, this review will mainly focus on the GR-mediated enzyme regulation and its crucial role on drug metabolism in human. It has been appreciated that nuclear receptors play important role in xenobiotic response by regulating expression and/or activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes, thereby modifying the targeted concentrations of the drug and altering the therapeutic drug response. With the development of molecular biology, structure biology, genetics and metabolism studies, tremendous effort has been made to understand the fundamental functions of nuclear receptor superfamily, which makes up a complex regulatory network with extensive cross communication in regulating the xenobiotic response between them. GR becomes my focus not only because of the essential physiological process aforementioned but the key role it plays in drug metabolism. Exploring and understanding the fundamental mechanisms underpinning the actions of GR is critical and is of great help to explain the drug response and some pathophysilogical effects of glucocorticoids as well. GR: structure Glucocorticoid receptor belongs to subfamily 3C of nuclear receptor superfamily and is the first cloned human steroid receptor (Hollenberg et al., 1985). Two protein isoforms of GR, termed hGR alpha (777 amino acids) and hGR beta (742 amino acids) are distinguished by the last 15 amino acids at the C-terminal end and differed binding properties with glucocorticoids. hGR alpha is transcriptionally active while hGR beta is unable to bind glucocorticoids or induce gene transcription. Some studies suggest that it may act as a negative regulator of glucocorticoid action and contribute the tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids (Bamberger et al., 1995). Three major functional domains: N-terminal domain (NTD), DNA binding domain (DBD) and ligand-binding domain (LBD) are well studied for the GR. Within N-terminal domain, a major activational function domain1 (AF1) is required to enhance maximal transcriptional activity. The DBD contains the most conserved amino acid sequence and comprises two cysteine-rich zinc fingers, which are essential for GR dimerisation and site-specificity of DNA binding. The C-terminal located LBD is responsible for recognition and ligand binding. It also contains the other activational function domain2 (AF2) and this AF2 is also important in regulating the transcriptional activity of GR. In addition to the three major domains, a D-domain or hinge region links DBD and LBD is considered playing a role in GR nuclear translocation (Kumar and Thompson, 2005; Buckingham, 2006). Recent progresses in crystallographic studies solve the crystal structure of the DBD and LBD of the GR, which reveal more insights into the structure: function relationship of GR and help to better understand the importance of molecular organization in the transcriptional activity as well (Lu et al., 2006). GR: activation and gene regulation A chain of impressive reactions occur during the activation of GR and resulting gene regulation. As a ligand-activated transcription factor, the cytoplasm located inactive GR is bound to heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) and other proteins which prevent the nuclear localization of this unoccupied GR. After binding to specific ligand, such as glucocortcoids, the GR is activated and dissociate the oligomeric protein complex, undergoing nuclear translocation, dimerizing via the essential DBD, binding with glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) in the promoter region, recruiting and interacting with other regulatory proteins to induce or repress the expression of targeted genes (Hayashi et al., 2004; Buckingham, 2006). In addition to the direct regulate gene transcription by activated GR binding with GREs, some recent research suggest the indirect regulatory role of GR via protein-protein interactions (Buckingham, 2006). In this manner, GR could interact with other transcription factors, such as NF-B and AP-1, to reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Most notably in drug metabolism, an extensive cross-talk between GR and other nuclear receptors exists, such as pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and retinoic X receptor (RXR) and it further complicates the GR-mediated gene regulation and drug response (Pascussi et al., 1999; Pascussi et al., 2000b; Pascussi et al., 2004; Dvorak et al., 2005). Role of GR: Cytochrome P450 3A4 CYP3A4 is the most important and abundant cytochrome p450 in human liver. It has the largest range of substrates and plays a pivotal role in steroid catabolism and xenobiotic metabolism. The fundamental mechanism underlying the transcriptional activation of CYP3A4 is complex and involves many nuclear receptors, such as PXR, GR, vitamin D receptor and CAR. In fact, several observations indicate the important role of GR in the inducible gene expression of CYP3A4. First of all, glucocortcoids are the classic inducers of CYP3A4 in mammals; secondly, RU486, an antagonist of GR, block the dexamethasone-mediated transcriptional activation of CYP3A4 in HepG2 cells cotransfected with GR and CYP3A4 promoter (Ogg et al., 1999). Although CYP3A4 is highly inducible by glucocortcoids, theres few evidence for the direct interaction of GR with the CYP3A4 promoter since no consensus glucocorticoid receptor response element (GRE) existed in CYP3A genes. Several possible hypotheses account for the role of GR in the transcription regulation of CYP3A4 have been projected (El-Sankary et al., 2002). Either a nonconsensus GRE present in the CYP3A4 promoter region could be used to explain the direct interaction of GR with the CYP3A4 promoter or as previously mentioned via an indirect manner, GR could interact with other transcription factors thereby interacting with the CYP3A4 promoter to induce CYP3A4. Opposed to these hypotheses, study from a GR-knockout mice model shows that GR is not essential for the glucocortcoids-mediated induction of CYP3A (Schuetz et al., 2000). Although someone may argue that such knock-out animal study may cause some other compensating pathway; further extrapolating result from rodents is not scientifically reasonable. Hence the regulation role of GR in CYP3A4 expression is still debatable. On the other hand, since PXR has been demonstrated as a major steroid hormone nuclear receptor in regulation the CYP3A4 gene expression (Lehmann et al., 1998), an indirect evidence for the latter hypothesis could be supported by the interactive regulatory cross communication between GR and other nuclear receptors, especially PXR, CAR and RXR (Pascussi et al., 2000a; Pascussi et al., 2000b; Gerbal-Chaloin et al., 2002). It is highly possible that GR indirectly contributes to the inducible gene regulation of CYP3A4 by interacting and controlling the expression of PXR, CAR and RXR. Indeed, in studies using human hepatocytes, dexamethasone has shown to enhance the PXR, CAR and RXR expression, leading to enhanced PXR-mediated CYP3A4 expression (Pascussi et al., 2000a; Pascussi et al., 2000b). Unfortunately, no convincing evidence has been provided in relation to the direct implication of GR in CYP3A4 gene induction. Furthermore, more complicated phenomenon has been observed recently using placental trophoblast cell line (Pavek et al., 2007). In this study, GR-mediated CYP3A4 induction indicates hepatocyte-specific regulation pattern and some other hepatocyte-specific transcription factors are required for the GR-CYP3A4 gene regulation process. It is of my point that since most of the studies have been done in vitro using human hepatocytes, in vivo situation could be far more complex especially in human body. Clearer picture depicting the role of GR in CYP3A4 gene expression is intriguing and it will be extreme important in understanding the regulation mechanism of this crucial enzyme, which ultimately leads to better predictions of clinical important drug-drug interactions. Role of GR: Cytochrome P450 2C9 2C19 In contrast to CYP3A4, CYP2C9 is secondly most abundant drug-metabolizing enzymes in human liver and accounts for the metabolism of a wide range of clinically important therapeutic agents, such as phenytoin, S-warfarin and some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Although a great amount of knowledge has been known about this enzyme including genetic polymorphism, pharmacology, etc, very little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the transcriptional regulation of CYP2C9. Specifically, it has been demonstrated that CYP2C9 is inducible by dexamethasone (DEX) in primary human hepatocytes and the role of GR related to this inducible CYP2C9 gene expression has been carefully investigated by Sabine and his coworkers (Gerbal-Chaloin et al., 2002). In addition to the transcriptional regulation by hCAR and PXR, deletional analysis of CYP2C9 regulatory region in the presence or absence of cotransfected GR and directed mutagenesis studies have been carried out to characterize the location of the functional GRE in CYP2C9 regulatory region; Further gel shift assays prove the direct interaction between hGR with CYP2C9-GRE. These observations provide a convincing evidence for direct implication of GR in the inducible CYP2C9 expression and shed light for further understanding this crucial enzyme gene regulation. In stead of using human primary hepatocytes, some research group investigated the role of GR in the transcriptional regulation of CYP2C9 in placental cell line. Interestingly, unlike the hepatocytes, due to lack of hepatocyte-specific transcriptional factors, such as hepatocyte nuclear factor 4a (HNF4a), CYP2C9 is not inducible in this special placental cell line (Pavek et al., 2007). Similar observation seen in the aforementio ned CYP3A4, which might indicates the tissue-specificity regulatory role of GR-CYP gene regulation. CYP2C19 is also abundantly expressed in the liver and several clinically important agents undergo CYP2C19-mediated oxidative metabolism including omeprazole, diazepam, etc. A high interindividual variability related to CYP2C19 expression has been observed, which may partially contributed by the nuclear receptor-regulated CYP2C19 gene expression. By examining the transcriptional regulation of CYP2C19, the functional GR and CAR response element have been identified in the CYP2C19 promoter and mutation of GRE abolishes DEX-induced CYP2C19 expression in human hepatocytes (Chen et al., 2003). This provides clear evidence showing the importance of GR in regulating CYP2C19 expression. Role of GR: Cytochrome P450 2B6 The role of GR in the xenobiotic-induced expression of CYP2B in rodents has been shown as evidenced by several groups. For example, GREs have been located in mouse CYP2B10 and rat CYP2B2 (Jaiswal et al., 1990; Stoltz et al., 1998) and GR has been shown as a requirement for maximal induction of these 2 genes in rodents (Shaw et al., 1993; Honkakoski and Negishi, 1998). This arise the question of the role of GR in the regulation of human CYP2B6 expression.CYP2B6 is a member of Cytochrome P450 group and has been considered as playing minor role in drug metabolism. But recent studies suggest the importance of CYP2B6 by taking into account of the fact that CYP2B6 actually involve in metabolizing about 25% of all the pharmaceutical agents. Notably, CYP2B6 is also inducible and hepatic expression is highly variable between individuals (Xie and Evans, 2001). Due to increased attention and urgence in understanding the molecular determinants of CYP2B6 regulation, the role of GR in the CYP2B6 regulation has been evaluated by several research groups. For example, by a study using primary human hepatocytes cotransfected of hGR and hPXR or hCAR with CYP2B6 reporter constructs (Wang et al., 2003), GR seems to function synergistically with hPXR and hCAR to regulate the xenobiotic-induced CYP2B6 expression while GR alone dose not exert this effect in human hepatocytes. As previously mentioned about the role of GR in gene regulation, it again suggest that activated GR could act as a coactivator to enhance the hPXR and hCAR-mediated CYP2B6 expression. Role of GR: phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes Glucuronidation, sulfation, and glutathione conjugation are the three most important conjugation reactions in phase II drug metabolism. In addition to the essentiality of GR in phase I drug metabolizing enzymes that I summarized above, GR seems also play role in regulating these three phase II drug metabolizing enzymes. In a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 reporter gene study by Toru and his coworkers (Usui et al., 2006), a dose-dependent induction of UGT1A1 by DEX has been observed and co-expression of hGR in the transfected HepG2 cell line enhance the induction by 7-fold; Further treatment with GR antagonist RU486 inhibit the DEX-mediated UGT1A1 induction. The data suggest the important role of GR on the effective induction of UGT1A1 in cultured human hepatocytes. In terms of human sulfotransferase (SULTs), unlike the rat SULT1A1gene that GR mediates the transactivation of this gene expression (Fang et al., 2003); the expression of human SULT1A1 is not affected by glucocorticoids treatment in primary human hepatocytes (Duanmu et al., 2002). On the other hand, human SULT1A3 gene is induced by glucocorticoids through a GR-mediated transactivation in human HepG2 cells and the GRE is identified for the SULT1A3 (Bian et al., 2007). However, human hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase (SULT2A1) gene expression is induced by glucocorticoids through a more complex nuclear receptor-mediated mechanism, with some involvement of GR while PXR is considered as playing a major role in SULT1A3 gene regulation (Duanmu et al., 2002). Glutathione S-transferase (GST) mediated detoxification of electrophilic chemicals is pivotal in preventing toxicity in human body. Unlike the rodent models, little is known about the role of GR in the GST gene regulation. Interestingly, some research conducted to evaluate the role of GR on GSTA2 expression (Falkner et al., 2001). In transfected HepG2 cells, activated GR repress the expression of GSTA2 with low concentration of DEX; while with high concentration of DEX, GSTA2 is inducible via a PXR-dependent mechanism. However, extrapolation of these results to human is not reliable and requires future studies. Conclusion In this review, some clinical important phase I and phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes are examined related to the role of GR in the gene transcriptional regulation in human. Notably, these enzymes play pivotal role in xenobiotic metabolism and nuclear receptor-mediated xenobiotic regulation to a large extent rely on the transcriptional regulation of these enzymes expression. Molecular mechanism underlying the gene regulation has been elusive as the role of nuclear receptors being characterized. GR, as the first cloned human steroid receptor, seems play a controversy role in terms of its relative contribution and regulation mechanisms in different phase I and phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes. Although this article mainly focus on research data in human, examinations of the species difference and in vitro- in vivo correlation are crucial given that significant amount of available information deal with rodent models. Carefully investigating these results could help us better understand the complicated role of GR in drug metabolism and guide the clinical intervention. Reference Bamberger CM, Bamberger AM, de Castro M and Chrousos GP (1995) Glucocorticoid receptor beta, a potential endogenous inhibitor of glucocorticoid action in humans. J Clin Invest 95:2435-2441. Bian HS, Ngo SY, Tan W, Wong CH, Boelsterli UA and Tan TM (2007) Induction of human sulfotransferase 1A3 (SULT1A3) by glucocorticoids. Life Sci 81:1659-1667. Buckingham JC (2006) Glucocorticoids: exemplars of multi-tasking. Br J Pharmacol 147 Suppl 1:S258-268. Chen Y, Ferguson SS, Negishi M and Goldstein JA (2003) Identification of constitutive androstane receptor and glucocorticoid receptor binding sites in the CYP2C19 promoter. Mol Pharmacol 64:316-324. Duanmu Z, Locke D, Smigelski J, Wu W, Dahn MS, Falany CN, Kocarek TA and Runge-Morris M (2002) Effects of dexamethasone on aryl (SULT1A1)- and hydroxysteroid (SULT2A1)-sulfotransferase gene expression in primary cultured human hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 30:997-1004. Dvorak Z, Ulrichova J and Modriansky M (2005) Role of microtubules network in CYP genes expression. Curr Drug Metab 6:545-552. El-Sankary W, Bombail V, Gibson GG and Plant N (2002) Glucocorticoid-mediated induction of CYP3A4 is decreased by disruption of a protein: DNA interaction distinct from the pregnane X receptor response element. Drug Metab Dispos 30:1029-1034. Falkner KC, Pinaire JA, Xiao GH, Geoghegan TE and Prough RA (2001) Regulation of the rat glutathione S-transferase A2 gene by glucocorticoids: involvement of both the glucocorticoid and pregnane X receptors. Mol Pharmacol 60:611-619. Fang HL, Shenoy S, Duanmu Z, Kocarek TA and Runge-Morris M (2003) Transactivation of glucocorticoid-inducible rat aryl sulfotransferase (SULT1A1) gene transcription. Drug Metab Dispos 31:1378-1381. Gerbal-Chaloin S, Daujat M, Pascussi JM, Pichard-Garcia L, Vilarem MJ and Maurel P (2002) Transcriptional regulation of CYP2C9 gene. Role of glucocorticoid receptor and constitutive androstane receptor. J Biol Chem 277:209-217. Hayashi R, Wada H, Ito K and Adcock IM (2004) Effects of glucocorticoids on gene transcription. Eur J Pharmacol 500:51-62. Hollenberg SM, Weinberger C, Ong ES, Cerelli G, Oro A, Lebo R, Thompson EB, Rosenfeld MG and Evans RM (1985) Primary structure and expression of a functional human glucocorticoid receptor cDNA. Nature 318:635-641. Honkakoski P and Negishi M (1998) Protein serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitors suppress phenobarbital-induced Cyp2b10 gene transcription in mouse primary hepatocytes. Biochem J 330 ( Pt 2):889-895. Jaiswal AK, Haaparanta T, Luc PV, Schembri J and Adesnik M (1990) Glucocorticoid regulation of a phenobarbital-inducible cytochrome P-450 gene: the presence of a functional glucocorticoid response element in the 5-flanking region of the CYP2B2 gene. Nucleic Acids Res 18:4237-4242. Kumar R and Thompson EB (2005) Gene regulation by the glucocorticoid receptor: structure:function relationship. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 94:383-394. Lehmann JM, McKee DD, Watson MA, Willson TM, Moore JT and Kliewer SA (1998) The human orphan nuclear receptor PXR is activated by compounds that regulate CYP3A4 gene expression and cause drug interactions. J Clin Invest 102:1016-1023. Lu NZ, Wardell SE, Burnstein KL, Defranco D, Fuller PJ, Giguere V, Hochberg RB, McKay L, Renoir JM, Weigel NL, Wilson EM, McDonnell DP and Cidlowski JA (2006) International Union of Pharmacology. LXV. The pharmacology and classification of the nuclear receptor superfamily: glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, progesterone, and androgen receptors. Pharmacol Rev 58:782-797. Ogg MS, Williams JM, Tarbit M, Goldfarb PS, Gray TJ and Gibson GG (1999) A reporter gene assay to assess the molecular mechanisms of xenobiotic-dependent induction of the human CYP3A4 gene in vitro. Xenobiotica 29:269-279. Pascussi JM, Drocourt L, Fabre JM, Maurel P and Vilarem MJ (2000a) Dexamethasone induces pregnane X receptor and retinoid X receptor-alpha expression in human hepatocytes: synergistic increase of CYP3A4 induction by pregnane X receptor activators. Mol Pharmacol 58:361-372. Pascussi JM, Gerbal-Chaloin S, Drocourt L, Assenat E, Larrey D, Pichard-Garcia L, Vilarem MJ and Maurel P (2004) Cross-talk between xenobiotic detoxication and other signalling pathways: clinical and toxicological consequences. Xenobiotica 34:633-664. Pascussi JM, Gerbal-Chaloin S, Fabre JM, Maurel P and Vilarem MJ (2000b) Dexamethasone enhances constitutive androstane receptor expression in human hepatocytes: consequences on cytochrome P450 gene regulation. Mol Pharmacol 58:1441-1450. Pascussi JM, Jounaidi Y, Drocourt L, Domergue J, Balabaud C, Maurel P and Vilarem MJ (1999) Evidence for the presence of a functional pregnane X receptor response element in the CYP3A7 promoter gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 260:377-381. Pavek P, Cerveny L, Svecova L, Brysch M, Libra A, Vrzal R, Nachtigal P, Staud F, Ulrichova J, Fendrich Z and Dvorak Z (2007) Examination of Glucocorticoid receptor alpha-mediated transcriptional regulation of P-glycoprotein, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9 genes in placental trophoblast cell lines. Placenta 28:1004-1011. Schuetz EG, Schmid W, Schutz G, Brimer C, Yasuda K, Kamataki T, Bornheim L, Myles K and Cole TJ (2000) The glucocorticoid receptor is essential for induction of cytochrome P-4502B by steroids but not for drug or steroid induction of CYP3A or P-450 reductase in mouse liver. Drug Metab Dispos 28:268-278. Shaw PM, Adesnik M, Weiss MC and Corcos L (1993) The phenobarbital-induced transcriptional activation of cytochrome P-450 genes is blocked by the glucocorticoid-progesterone antagonist RU486. Mol Pharmacol 44:775-783. Stoltz C, Vachon MH, Trottier E, Dubois S, Paquet Y and Anderson A (1998) The CYP2B2 phenobarbital response unit contains an accessory factor element and a putative glucocorticoid response element essential for conferring maximal phenobarbital responsiveness. J Biol Chem 273:8528-8536. Usui T, Kuno T, Ueyama H, Ohkubo I and Mizutani T (2006) Proximal HNF1 element is essential for the induction of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 by glucocorticoid receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 71:693-701. Wang H, Faucette SR, Gilbert D, Jolley SL, Sueyoshi T, Negishi M and LeCluyse EL (2003) Glucocorticoid receptor enhancement of pregnane X receptor-mediated CYP2B6 regulation in primary human hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 31:620-630. Xie W and Evans RM (2001) Orphan nuclear receptors: the exotics of xenobiotics. J Biol Chem 276:37739-37742. Aden Vaughnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18380288687934526630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8096803166589748308.post-10280711277889551022019-12-20T01:31:00.001-08:002019-12-20T01:31:03.025-08:00Analysis Of Ruination And Drosscape - 1341 Words Ruination and Drosscape Ruination is a recurring theme through the creative field; primarily in art, art theory and poetry. There is a grand human reaction to ruin that transcends this word into a conceptual state. It is a concept that artists have had an abiding interest in, which has in turn led the conception of the modern ruin. My uncoverage of this concept has been through a multitude of resources whilst researching for my own artistic practise. Art theorists and artists have thematically looked to ruin as an aid to understand human nature and the ways in which we cope with the rapidly developing world around us through a sentimentality for what is past and lost. There is a need to discern this reaction to ruin and to simultaneously validate it. Ruins hold a curious charm that is produced by the coinciding state of decay and regeneration, which oscillate randomly and chaotically. Ruins draw people in and inspire creation. Similarly, art necessarily develops from the pastââ¬â¢s foundation, the neglec ted; without a break, and wherever it may end up, reference to the past remains. Ruin provokes nostalgia for the aesthetic forms and iconography of the former, resulting in an ongoing phenomenon that recycles and regenerates in art and art theory. In Allan Smithââ¬â¢s Essay Entropic steps: Rocks, ruins, and increase in John Ruskin, Robert Smithson, and Per Kirkeby, he triangulates the writings of Ruskin, Smithson and Kirkeby, in order to show a breadth of reaction to ruin (primarily Aden Vaughnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18380288687934526630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8096803166589748308.post-50460696434868742602019-12-11T22:12:00.001-08:002019-12-11T22:12:05.499-08:00Establishing Effective Leadership Development in an Organization Question: Describe about the Establishing Effective Leadership Development in an Organization. Answer: Introduction Personality has been the central point in establishing effective leadership development in an organization. Buss, (2009, p. 360) argues that there is a strong relationship between personality and job performance within an organization. Personality refers to the psychological attributes that contribute to people's distinctive feelings, thoughts, and patterns of behavior within the workplace. Job performance portrays how productive employees their mandates, the initiative they take as well as the resourcefulness they represent in solving problems. With increased competition in the business world, organizations need to hire high-performing employees, and this necessitates the management to have an understanding of who may perform better towards competing efficiently. Buss, (2009, p. 365) states that personality traits exhibited by the personnel guide the managers in this entire process. This essay explains the relationship between personality and job performance, and how organizational behavior scholars and practitioners should apply this knowledge in achieving organizational success. Relationship between Personality and Job Performance Awais Bhatti, et al., (2014, p. 80) states that the five-factor model of personality traits namely neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness play a significant role in affecting job performance within an organization. Group behavior scholars argue that job performance remains to be controversial, and this necessitates a further study regarding the integration existing between individual characters and approaches to job performance. Based on the five factor model of personality dimensions, character plays a crucial role in job performance. While each character trait suits a particular business culture, their integration under different circumstances within the workplace enable a business to thrive efficiently when it comes to realizing the set goals. According to Belle, (2013, p. 144), a clear understanding of the relationship between these two aspects and their applicability under different environments helps OB scholars and leaders to influence the em ployee's performance and behavior. The recent research on organizational performance shows that personality traits predict the behavioral outcomes in the workplace. Personality supersedes the effect of cognitive abilities when it comes to efficient job performance (Awais Bhatti, et al., 2014, p. 96). Concerning the five-factor model and job performance factors, a clear explanation of the relationship between personality and job performance as applied by organization behavior scholars and leaders will get expressed. Neuroticism According to Askarian and Eslami, (2013, p. 322), neuroticism correlates negatively with managerial approaches of job performance within an organization. As opposed to emotional stability, neuroticism singles those employees who show shyness, anger, feel insecure, are depressed, anxious, and always vulnerable while in the workplace. The OB scholars and leaders should seek to understand the nature of their personnel, especially in the recruitment process. As per Le, et al., (2011, p. 113), emotional instability creates an impulse and pressure on the part of employees in a manner that they cannot cooperate with organizational objectives since they are unable to cope with stress. The shy, insecure, and vulnerable individuals act as a drawback for an organization when it comes to achieving the set objectives. The OB scholars and leaders should ensure that all participants within their organization remain confident, happy, and cooperative with one another. Failure to which, this will resu lt in continued failure for the team. Business managers must have the ability to differentiate between the emotionally stable and unstable employees. Under neuroticism, self-consciousness remains to be the most valuable, valid and recognized estimator of job performance across all occupations and work tasks in different organizations (Le, et al., 2011, p. 113). However, emotional stability among the part of the employee creates an excellent climate for commitment. The organization behavior scholars and practitioners should have a clear understanding of the effect of anxiety, anger, and depression in establishing a good rapport for business excellence. Of great importance, OB scholars and leaders should understand that neurotic employees perform worse if compared with less obsessive workers. Therefore, organizations should recruit personnel who are emotionally stable since they always feel secure and show calmness while carrying out their mandates within the workplace. Extroversion Extroversion entails the quantity and intensity of recommended interpersonal relationships within the workplace, approaches to organizational operations, need for stimulation, and capacity to impart happiness within the industry. The OB scholars must understand that extroversion correlates positively with leadership ratings for job performance in the context of organizations general tasks. In particular, Leutner, et al., (2014, p. 60) argues that extrovertive people tend to be sociable, optimistic, loving, affectionate, charismatic, active, and talkative to one another while in a similar setting or environment. About these attributes, business leaders should come up with policies that seek to recruit only those individuals who value interaction with every other person in the workplace. Further, extroversion predicts managerial performance under the circumstance that the OB scholars need to rate task performance amongst the employees. Managers should apply this trait by evaluating all staff job performance so as to adequately reward them in agreement with their value of the input to the job performance. Organizations should make it mandatory for employees to show warmth, activeness, assertiveness, excitement, and positive emotions when carrying out their tasks in the workplace. Since the extroverted personnel have a higher ability to excel in the workplace, the OB scholars and leaders should require all employees to socialize and be highly interactive with one another in the process of job performance. Barrick, et al., (2013, p. 136) makes it clear that assertiveness and activeness impacts are positively when it comes to rating the job performance levels of the employees. Employees who grade higher in activity effectiveness are considered valid than the relaxed and high tempered personnel who always score low in job performance. Effective job performance improves the overall firm's productivity and profitability. Further, when recruiting new staff, the management should be keen in considering whether the candidates possess these characteristics since they remain to be the most relia ble indicators of satisfactory performance in all organizational departments. Openness to Experience The organization behavior scholars and leaders should seek to appreciate the art, adventure, ideas, and qualities of the existing staff for the team. Openness to experience includes aesthetic sensitivity, attentiveness to the inner feelings, intellectual curiosity, active imagination, and independence of judgment. Effective integration of these traits amongst the employees hired by an organization impacts significantly towards improving performance and productivity of a company (Belle, 2013, p. 153). Personnel who express the ability of openness when addressing the senior managers, communicating with the firm's clients, and while interacting with workmates always tend to score higher in job performance. Further, the OB and leaders should understand that openness to experience relates to success in consulting, training, and development when imparting changes within organizational processes. The most open employees should get consulted by the top managers within an organization so as t o make the right decisions for efficient job performance. Openness to experience is a valid predictor of job performance, and this should be an excellent rationale for OB scholars and leaders to apply within an organization's processes. However, it is important for business practitioners to understand that different jobs have different requirements. Mostly, the personnel who are independent in judgment portray attentiveness to inner feelings and tend to feel for the others who always seek for consultation from them in areas where they are not confident and independent (Korschun, et al., 2014, p. 22). The management should, however, establish a job environment that entertains professional code of ethics within the workplace. Behavior conservativeness necessitates the OB scholars and leaders to prefer emotional responses amongst the part of employees since this provides them with feedback on their approaches to making the work environment suitable for each and every employee. Furthermore, the OB scholars and managers should understand that su ccessful workforce significantly scores low on openness as compared with the unsuccessful personnel. Agreeableness The ability to be cooperative and compassionate with one another in the working environment plays a significant role in effective job performance. The organizational behavior scholars and practitioners show sympathy to the team members, are eager to help them, and always believe that every player in the company is helpful in ensuring the success of the set goals. The leaders should create a working environment which values the input of each and every member of the organization. With proper cooperation amongst the workers themselves and supervisor-subordinate relationship, job performance is achieved in the most optimal manner possible (Askarian Eslami, 2013, p. 322). Managers should encourage all employees to help one another in carrying out their tasks as well as valuing the input of every participant in decision making. It is also essential for the OB scholars to diverse their attention from the top executive positions within an organization at the lower organizational levels so a s to understand the needs of the subordinate officers within their organization. Further, establishing a line of communication that recommends the subordinates to express their opinions on the organizational progress and raise complaints to the top management is essential for the OB scholars and leaders if they need to achieve success in job performance. The cooperative nature of friendly personnel leads to business success in occupations where teamwork and customer service are vital. Further, agreeableness relates to effectiveness in the training process amongst the part of employees within the organization. Contrastingly, the rude employees tend to be selfish, skeptical of other participants intentions, and competitive rather than cooperative (Belle, 2013, p. 148). This cynical nature of disagreeableness predicts poor job performance within an organization. The organizational behavior and leaders should apply this knowledge by dealing away with employees who tend to create pressure on others since this hinders efficient job performance. Managers must recognize that agreeableness significantly predicts job performance and thus only the cooperative and empathetic individuals should secure positions in the job recruitment process in case a need arises. The employment of friendly people enables the firm to compete effectively as well a s increasing a company's overall productivity in the business sector. Conscientiousness Business success depends on the nature of employees and managers who belong to the concerned organization. To improve job performance, there is a need for achievement, self-discipline, and planned behavior amongst the part of employees and practitioners. Barrick, et al., (2013, p. 150) postulates that self-discipline necessitates self-control in the deserved direction, active resource planning, organizing and carrying out the mandated responsibilities of an individual. First and foremost, the OB scholars and leaders must always act to their duties with confidence so that they may be able to issue orders and coordinate the operations of the subordinates (Leutner, et al., 2014, p. 63). A conscientiousness leader remains focused, purposeful, and determined to achieve. Provided the plans of an OB scholar remain organized, then job performance of the team members will get organized and motivated towards the positive direction. In the current business world, effective planning, organizing, and coordination of roles play a significant role in efficient job performance, and this calls for managers to consider these traits actively. According to Buss, (2009, p. 362), conscientiousness creates a positive correlation with supervisory ratings of job performance within an organization. With self-confidence and self-discipline, an individual acts to the highest of his or her ability in ensuring completion of all the started tasks despite boredom and other distraction. However, various employees score low in job performance not because they do not have self-discipline, but because they lack the idea of applying the trait in a work environment. The managers, therefore, should understand this barrier and take the necessary steps of curbing this since it leads to poor job performance. Employees need to get trained of how to correlate their day to day public self-control mechanisms with the workplace environment so as to improve job performance (Awais Bhatti, et al., 2014, p. 93). Further, conscientiousness and integrity go hand in hand and influence job performance amongst the part of employees in the business setting. T o improve job performance, the OB scholars and leaders should set autonomous goals and make them known to all the personnel. Conclusion Personality factors play a significant role in enhancing efficient job performance. There are grounds for optimism the application of standard character traits predicts job performance measures of employees. Individuals who show high levels of extraversion, and conscientiousness, and people who score low under neutophism perform better in organizational effectiveness. The human resource management of any company should consider the traits of self-discipline, competence, integrity, and tolerance when recruiting employees in different departments for an organization. The utilization of personality trait analysis in personnel recruitment provides valuable information to the OB scholars and leaders regarding any employment decision. Therefore, the group behavior scholars and leaders should actually study the effects of personality traits differences on job performance. With a clear understanding of organizational perspective and personality traits testing tools, the management may be abl e to distinguish the potential staff that the firm may use to achieve the highest level of job performance. References Askarian, N. Eslami, H., 2013. The relationship between personality traits and job performance (Case study: Employees of the ministry of education Kerman). Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 5(8), p. 322. Awais Bhatti, M., Mohamed Battour, M., Rageh Ismail, A. Pandiyan Sundram, V., 2014. Effects of personality traits (big five) on expatriates adjustment and job performance. Equality, Diversity, and Inclusion, 33(1), pp. 73-96. Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. Li, N., 2013. The theory of purposeful work behavior: The role of personality, higher-order goals, and job characteristivs. Academy of Management Review, 38(1), pp. 132-153. Belle, N., 2013. Experiemental evidence on the relationship between public service motivation and job performance. Public Administration Review, 73(1), pp. 143-153. Buss, D. M., 2009. How can evolutionary psychology successfully explain personality and individual differences. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(4), pp. 359-366. Korschun, D., Bhattacharya, C. B. Swain, S. D., 2014. Corporate scocial responsibility, customer orientation, and job performance of frontline employees. Journal of Marketing, 78(3), pp. 20-37. Le, H. et al., 2011. Too much of good thing: Curvilinear relationships between personality traits and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(1), p. 113. Leutner, F., Ahmetoglu, G., Akhtar, R. Chamorro-Premuzic, T., 2014. The relationship between the entrepreneurial personality and the Big Five personality traits. Personality and individual differences, 63(6), pp. 58-63. Aden Vaughnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18380288687934526630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8096803166589748308.post-85647296250402688982019-12-04T09:55:00.001-08:002019-12-04T09:55:03.438-08:00Project Management Planning And Techniques -Myassignmenthelp.Com Question: Discuss About The Project Management Planning And Techniques? Answer: Introducation Scope of the project is a part of project panning which involves the determination and documentation of a list of specified project goals, features, deliverables, functions, deadline, task and lastly costs (Kerzner, 2013). Further, the present project is based upon the installation of solar energy plant near Murray River. The scope of Victorian renewable energy is to implement the 25% of solar power in the Victoria city till 2020 and the 40% would be installed by 2025. Moreover, the state planned for the implementation of various solar power plants at top of canal and state government would transfer the canal land on the lease amount of $ 10 Lac. Furthermore, cost effective technology will be transferred like solar PV generation psychology. Moreover, budget is constraint by the Victorian Government. Bidder will follow the time and budget constraints and for time, bidder will submit the document on time. Roles, Responsibilities And Authorities Project engineer, project manager and government official will be involved in the installation of solar power plant (Burke, 2013). Roles and responsibilities of these authorities have been listed below: Project manager: Planning and defining scope for installation of power plant, planning of a resource procurement, cost estimation and budget development, analyzing the risk, etc. Project Engineer: Development of projects objectives after reviewing project proposals, determining project responsibilities and specification, controlling project schedules and costs. Government Officials: Assigning of land and license for installation of power plant, reviewing the documents of projects for better installation of plant. Schedule Activities Years 1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year 5th Year 6th Year Making of implementation agreement Approval of implementation agreement Planning the project Budgeting Contracting and procurement Commissioning Installation process Complete Installation Follow up Budget Budget is basically an estimate of an income and expenditure which is to be incurred in a course of one year. The project manager will make the budget for the present project during the time of planning only so that a clear estimation of the income and expenditure can be made. Furthermore, the major expenses will be done as follows: Expenses Amount 1. Licensing fee: $ 2000 2. Purchase of raw material: $ 35,000,000 3. Plant installation cost: $ 25,000 4. Salary to engineers and workers: $ 1,00,000 Total $ 35,127,000 Project Communication Plan The communication plan of project includes the government officials and project management as sender, they send the message to the receivers who are engineers and workers installing the power plant, recipient send back the feedback to the sender and this is how the communication between them takes place. Moreover, the communication flow is free flow between them in order to get the information in an appropriate manner. Document Management System During the installation of solar power plant; project manager has to put emphasize upon the documentation of each data in order to avoid any mishandling (Larson and Gray, 2013). However, it is not possible to carry all the paper documents in hand every time. For that aspect, project will utilize the document management system. In this, manager will track all the data and input the daily information related to installation. Moreover, workflow of every day will be done by reviewing the planned data documented in the document management system. Project Risk Register No. Description of Risk Owner Probability (Low, Medium, High) Risk Severity (Low, Medium, High) Countermeasures Date Type of Risk (Business, Project, or Stage) 1. Availability of recycled material Assistant project manager Medium High Backup vendor 5th Oct. Project 2. Availability of labors Operational manager Medium High Increasing the wages 6th Oct. Business 3. Change in Government rules Legal executive Low Medium Clearing the government about the plan 6th Oct. Project 4. Explosion of plant Project Engineer High High Looking into each part on a daily basis. 7th Oct. Project Contracting And Procurement The company will hire the engineers and workers on a contract basis in order to engage them until the project is completed and the workers do not fall on short (Meredith and Mantel, 2011). Furthermore, the manager will hire the cranes and other machines required in the installation on a contract basis in order to reserve them till the completion of project. In addition to this, the project teams will procure the recycles material for the solar power plant as the permission has been granted on this condition that it will be done using recycled products only. For that aspect, team will list out all the vendors and from them only they will procure the raw material. Safety And Environmental Issues During the installation of power plant, there are high chances of risk that explosion may occur, thus, it is a safety concern. For this aspect, project accounting team will make sure that proper safety to be provided to all the workers and engineers working on site, example, helmet, life jacket, eye glasses, etc. Further, the team will take care about that surrounding does not get degraded due to the installation and for that team will plant maximum trees in the surrounding. Quality Assurance Various strategies will be made for maintaining the quality standards. Firstly, team will assure that material used in the plant is of utmost quality; secondly, team will make sure that installation would be done under experts supervision in order to avoid any explosion in future. Lastly, they will also take care that purpose get resolved for which the plant is being installed. Commissioning Strategies The solar power system connected with greed has been commissioned in less than 20 months from the date implementation agreement. Some of the parameters related to commissioning are: In case of delay up to a month then state government will en-cash 30% of the overall performance guarantees. In case, delay is up to five months or more than state government will en-cash 50% of overall performance guarantees. If the delay is up to 15 months from the signing day of agreement then the project developer or the bidder will pay cash o power management department in relation to liquidated damages as per the rate of $200 per MW due to the delay of non-commissioned capacity. Close Out And Final Documentation After the complete installation, project manager will make the full documents starting from scratch to end. It will include the information regarding the material used, how the installation has been done, who all were included during the installation and many more information. Further, at the end of the project, contract will be closed which have been made with the engineers, workers, licensing of cranes and other machines, etc. Lastly, follow up of the plant will be taken on a timely basis. References Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, civil-engineering. Larson, E.W. and Gray, C., 2013.Project Management: The Managerial Process with MS Project. McGraw-Hill. Meredith, J.R. and Mantel Jr, S.J., 2011.Project management: a managerial approach. John Wiley Sons. Aden Vaughnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18380288687934526630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8096803166589748308.post-86935566230557103852019-11-28T01:38:00.001-08:002019-11-28T01:38:04.519-08:00Link between Borrowers Risk and Mortgage LendingAden Vaughnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18380288687934526630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8096803166589748308.post-85401456305597610662019-11-24T09:12:00.001-08:002019-11-24T09:12:04.852-08:00The History of the Common BeanThe History of the Common Bean The domestication history of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is vital to understanding the origins of farming.à Beans are one of the three sisters of traditional agricultural cropping methods reported by European colonists in North America: Native Americans wisely intercropped maize, squash, and beans, providing a healthful and environmentally sound way of capitalizing on their various characteristics.à Beans are one of the most important domestic legumes in the world, because of their high concentrations of protein, fiber, and complex carbohydrates. P. vulgaris is by far the most economically important domesticated species of the genus Phaseolus. Domesticate Properties P. vulgaris beans come in an enormous variety of shapes, sizes, and colors, from pinto to pink to black to white. Despite this diversity, wild and domestic beans belong to the same species, as do all of the colorful varieties (landraces) of beans, which are believed to be the result of a mixture of population bottlenecks and purposeful selection. The main difference between wild and cultivated beans is, well, domestic beans are less exciting. There is a significant increase in seed weight, and the seed pods are less likely to shatter than wild forms: but the primary change is a decrease in theà variability of grain size, seed coat thickness and water intake during cooking. Domestic plants are also annuals rather than perennials, a selected trait for reliability. Despite their colorful variety, the domestic bean is much more predictable. Centers Of Domestication Scholarly research indicates that beans were domesticated in two places: the Andes mountains of Peru, and the Lerma-Santiago basin of Mexico. The wild common bean grows today in the Andes and Guatemala: two separate large gene pools of the wild types have been identified, based on the variation in the type of phaseolin (seed protein) in the seed, DNA marker diversity, mitochondrial DNA variation and amplified fragment length polymorphism, and short sequence repeats marker data. The Middle American gene pool extends from Mexico through Central America and into Venezuela; the Andean gene pool is found from southern Peru to northwestern Argentina. The two gene pools diverged some 11,000 years ago. In general, Mesoamerican seeds are small (under 25 grams per 100 seeds) or medium (25-40 gm/100 seeds), with one type of phaseolin, the major seed storage protein of the common bean. The Andean form has much larger seeds (greater than 40 gm/100 seed weight), with a different type phaseolin. Recognized landraces in Mesoamerica include Jalisco in coastal Mexico near Jalisco state; Durango in the central Mexican highlands, which includes pinto, great northern, small red and pink beans; and Mesoamerican, in lowland tropical Central American, which includes black, navy and small white. Andean cultivars include Peruvian, in the Andean highlands of Peru; Chilean in northern Chile and Argentina; and Nueva Granada in Colombia. Andean beans include the commercial forms of dark and light red kidney, white kidney, and cranberry beans. Origins in Mesoamerica In 2012, work by a group of geneticists led by Roberto Papa was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (Bitocchi et al. 2012), making an argument for a Mesoamerican origin of all beans. Papa and colleagues examined the nucleotide diversity for five different genes found in all forms- wild and domesticated, and including examples from the Andes, Mesoamerica and an intermediary location between Peru and Ecuador- and looked at the geographic distribution of the genes. This study suggests that the wild form spread from Mesoamerica, into Ecuador and Columbia and then into the Andes, where a severe bottleneck reduced the gene diversity, at some time before domestication. Domestication later took place in the Andes and in Mesoamerica, independently. The importance of the original location of beans is due to the wild adaptability of the original plant, which allowed it to move into a wide variety of climatic regimes, from the lowland tropics of Mesoamerica into the Andean highlands. Dating the Domestication While the exact date of domestication for beans has not yet been determined, wild landraces have been discovered in archaeological sites dated to 10,000 years ago in Argentina and 7,000 years ago in Mexico. In Mesoamerica, the earliest cultivation of domestic common beans occurred before ~2500 in the Tehuacan valley (at Coxcatlan), 1300 BP in Tamaulipas (at (Romeros and Valenzuelas Caves near Ocampo), 2100 BP in the Oaxaca valley (at Guila Naquitz). Starch grains from Phaseolus were recovered from human teeth from Las Pircas phase sites in Andean Peru dated between ~6970-8210 RCYBP (about 7800-9600 calendar years before the present). Sources Angioi, SA. Beans in Europe: origin and structure of the European landraces of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Rau D, Attene G, et al., National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, September 2010. Bitocchi E, Nanni L, Bellucci E, Rossi M, Giardini A, Spagnoletti Zeuli P, Logozzo G, Stougaard J, McClean P, Attene G et al. 2012. Mesoamerican origin of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is revealed by sequence data. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Early Edition. Brown CH, Clement CR, Epps P, Luedeling E, and Wichmann S. 2014. The Paleobiolinguistics of the Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Ethnobiology Letters 5(12):104-115. Kwak, M. Structure of genetic diversity in the two major gene pools of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., Fabaceae). Gepts P, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, March 2009. Kwak M, Kami JA, and Gepts P. 2009. The Putative Mesoamerican Domestication Center is Located in the Lerma-Santiago Basin of Mexico. Crop Science 49(2):554-563. Mamidi S, Rossi M, Annam D, Moghaddam S, Lee R, Papa R, and McClean P. 2011. Investigation of the domestication of common bean ( Functional Plant Biology 38(12):953-967.Phaseolus vulgaris) using multilocus sequence data. Mensack M, Fitzgerald V, Ryan E, Lewis M, Thompson H, and Brick M. 2010. Evaluation of diversity among common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) from two centers of domestication using omics technologies. BMC Genomics 11(1):686. Nanni, L. Nucleotide diversity of a genomic sequence similar to SHATTERPROOF (PvSHP1) in domesticated and wild common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Bitocchi E, Bellucci E, et al., National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, December 2011, Bethesda, MD. Peà ±a-Valdivia CB, Garcà a-Nava JR, Aguirre R JR, Ybarra-Moncada MC, and Là ³pez H M. 2011. Variation in Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Grain along a Domestication Gradient. Chemistry Biodiversity 8(12):2211-2225. Piperno DR, and Dillehay TD. 2008. Starch grains on human teeth reveal early broad crop diet in northern Peru. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(50):19622-19627. Scarry, C. Margaret. Crop Husbandry Practices in North Americaââ¬â¢s Eastern Woodlands. Case Studies in Environmental Archaeology, SpringerLink, 2008. J, Schmutz. A reference genome for common bean and genome-wide analysis of dual domestications. McClean PE2, Mamidi S, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, July 2014, Bethesda, MD. Tuberosa (Editor). Genomics of Plant Genetic Resources. Roberto, Graner, et al., Volume 1, SpringerLink, 2014. Aden Vaughnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18380288687934526630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8096803166589748308.post-975296905235062952019-11-21T07:03:00.001-08:002019-11-21T07:03:07.369-08:00Fibre optics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 wordsFibre optics - Essay Example In this theory, the behavior of light is able to be shown or rather described within the optical fiber. This theory is majorly used in describing the causes of attenuation, dispersion of light and also the optical fiber absorption. Construction of Fiber Optic Cables Fiber optic cables are first given the core size which is 50/125 as the diameter then followed by the cladding size which is 125 microns while the 8/125 has a core diameter of 8microns with a cladding diameter of 125microns.A larger diameter has a larger core which allows more light which can be coupled depending n the angle cone. They can ether operate on a single mode propagation or a multimode propagation. The fiber-optic cables are made up of either glass, plastic or plastic-clad silica which differ to its attenuation. Attenuation can be seen to be majorly caused by absorption or scattering. In the glass fiber optic cable it is seen to consist of the lowest attenuation which when made it consists of glass core and gla ss cladding. It is also the most common preferred and has spread worldwide as it is easy to install because most of the people have accessed to it. The glass used is pure mad of silicon dioxide which during its fabrication process the impurities are added in order for it to produce a desire refraction of light. Boron or Fluorine is also added to decrease the refraction index. Plastic fiber optic cable has the highest attenuation as compared to the others made of plastic core and cladding. The core is made up of the polymethymethacrylate and coated with fluoropolymer. Itââ¬â¢s better to used considering its costs and also do not have the flammability effect. Plastic clad silica fiber optic cable attenuation is between the glass and plastic. Its fiber optic cable has glass core commonly vitreous silica and its cladding is plastic. Its use of the silica makes it have a lower refractive index. It is fabricated with silicone elastomeric cladding which causes difficulty in its applicat ion, plasticity and also it makes it insoluble in organic solvents which bar it from being used by most of the people. Basic Fiber Optic Cables This is the type f technology which uses glass threads in order to transmit information or data. The bundles of the glass threads used are the ones capable in transmitting information which is later modulated into light waves. It is majorly used because of its advantages over the metal cables used earlier regarding on speed which is high as compared to the other communication lines among other advantages like it being thinner and light in weight. Although they are advantageous they also are disadvantageous in that they are expensive in its installation and also fragile among others. Fiber optics are becoming common in the local area networking enabling companies being able to use this as a better communication way. Types of Fiber Optic Cable There are 2 main types of fiber optic cables; these are the single mode and multimode fiber optic cab le. The single mode fiber optic cable (also referred to as uni-mode fiber, mono-mode fiber among other names) is used for a broad range of transmission as it covers longer distances making it suitable for multichannel television broadcasting system among other long distances transmission (Tricker 2002, pg. 20). This is caused by the ability to restore or allowance for a larger capacity for the transmission of information as it can retain the fidelity of light pulse. In this kind of fiber a lot of information is able to be sent Aden Vaughnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18380288687934526630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8096803166589748308.post-91552023297613583272019-11-20T08:13:00.001-08:002019-11-20T08:13:03.783-08:00Media's influnces Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 wordsMedia's influnces - Research Paper Example As such, the power that media has upon the lives of individual around the globe is dynamic and likely will increase as globalization and media integration continue to be evidenced. As a function of seeking to understand the impact that media has on stakeholders within society, the following analysis will engage the reader with some of the most prominent ways in which media impacts the way in which people think, act, and define/constrain their lives. A negative aspect regarding the current realities of media coverage and terrorism is with respect to the overall level of understanding that continual 24/7 coverage of terrorism related events ultimately has upon societal consciousness. If one considers, for instance, the recent Boston bombing was indicative of the way in which media proliferation and continual coverage worked to undermine any type of understanding, realization, or remorse for the events and focused upon anything but rational or substantiated reports. In effect, the media circus that surrounds many of the terrorism incidents, especially those take place to mastic way, has escalated to such a scale as to diminish any semblance of professional reporting and devolve this into something of a media circus/frenzy in which each and every potential angle and/or hearsay is given air time and discussed as a means of continually providing the viewer/listener/reader with a new take, a new stance, or new information concerning the topic at hand. Ultimately, all of this is done as a means of providing the media outlet with a further level of revenue. This is due to the fact that they are solely and completely aware of the realization that their profits and revenues are contingent upon their ability to continue to manufacture and engage the participant with what can be considered ââ¬Å"newâ⬠information. Understanding that is necessary to continually compete with the viewer/reader/listenerââ¬â¢s attention, these media outlets engage in a form and level of coverage that would have been unheard of that a few years previously. Although such a level of analysis is circumstantial at best, the reader could seek to create a level of understanding between the rapid increase in global terrorism and the rapid increase in media coverage that it is garnered over the past 10 years time. The profit-driven nature of the news media strikes at the very core of the issue up for discussion within this analysis. Ultimately, the very sad reality is that the news media derives a very great deal of profitability of the suffering and magnitude of harm that both man-made and natural disasters in her around the world (Thomas 53). At Within such an understanding, it becomes quite obvious to the reader that the news media is ultimately desirous of events such as terrorist actions which will greatly increase the scope of viewership that they would otherwise derive any one particular time. Although this is indeed sadistic, a rapid increase in viewership as a res ult of terrorist action allows for the news/media outlets to rapidly increase its profitability. Once again, although such a reality is difficult to fathom and completely understand within an ethical interpretation of the current paradigm, it is nonetheless true and impacts upon the extent and level to which terrorism is engaged and the extent and level to which societal stakeholders are presented with a continual influx of Aden Vaughnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18380288687934526630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8096803166589748308.post-71791255397831218372019-11-17T22:46:00.001-08:002019-11-17T22:46:03.180-08:00Technology in America Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 wordsTechnology in America - Research Paper Example According to Beer (52) ââ¬Å"the use of social media on the internet has been shown to reduce with increasing ageâ⬠. Thus, technology has changed the social norms in the American society. Technology like the internet has revolutionized how individuals relate to each other. Family members, colleagues at work and even students in school can now communicate easily and faster among each other. The internet is fast and sometimes more private and this has increased social interactions especially on social platforms like Facebook, twitter, MySpace and Google plus. People no longer have to meet physically or send letters in order to communicate. They can even form groups and have meetings online without having to meet physically. With technology making interaction between individuals easy and efficient, an increase in the feeling of sense of belonging has been the observed in many of these individuals. According to the 2010 Consumer reports, Technology has fostered creation of new relationships and even sustained the ones that existed before. However, despite the many positive changes that technology has brought, many negative effects have been observed in the subsequent stu dies carried out. Dangers of online networking especially on the teenagers have been clear demonstrated. Social networking reduces face-to-face interactions among the teenagers and the consequence has been an increased level of loneliness and stress. Cross (40) states that ââ¬Å"some teenagers even end up committing suicide as a result of feeling left out or inferiorâ⬠A substantial number of the avid internet users have become addicted to it. They can hardly spend ten minutes without looking at their phones; staying away from their computers is a hard ordeal to them. Missing out in important activities has been the consequence if this addiction. Those who are Aden Vaughnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18380288687934526630noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8096803166589748308.post-31413619061350018302019-11-15T11:17:00.001-08:002019-11-15T11:17:04.415-08:00Impact of Green Marketing on Young ConsumersImpact of Green Marketing on Young Consumers INTRODUCTION This study provides an overview of green marketing (is also known as ethnical and environmental marketing), the impact of green marketing towards the young consumers in Malaysia. The first part covers section on research problem, research objectives and research questions. RESEARCH BACKGROUND Throughout the twentieth century, many technologies and business practices have contributed to the destruction of the very ecological systems on which the economy and life itself depends, including toxic contamination, depletion of fisheries and forests, soil erosion, and biodiversity loss (Ottman et al.,2006). Many companies and consumers are beginning to respond to programs to help conserve the Earths natural resources, and green marketing is making a comeback (Ottman et al., 2006). Business management researchers Stuart Hart and Mark Milstein argue that the emerging challenge of global sustainability is catalyzing a new round of creative destruction that offers unprecedented opportunities for new environmentally sensitive innovations, markets, and products (Ottman et al., 2006). The progress of environmentalism in a country has significant role in changing consumers purchase behaviour as well as changing companys strategies to more environmental friendly. According to Kotler and Armstrong (2008), the first wave of modern environment and quality of life by environmental group and concerned consumers whereas second wave which passed law and regulations governing practices impacting the environment. At the moment, environmentalism waves is merging into a third and stronger wave in which companies are accepting responsibility for doing no environmental harm by adopting policies of environmental and sustain environment and produce profit (Kolter et al, 2008). PROBLEM STATEMENT The emerging trend of Go Green in the global is becoming more significant to the society in line with the growing awareness of global warming is accelerating, and the perception that it is posing a serious threat to humanity and the worlds environment (Star Publications (M) Bhd, 1995-2011). According to Our green world research report 2008 survey conducted by global insight and information group TNS, United Kingdom and other European countries are showing high interest in adopting changes in lifestyle and behaviour in the past to benefit the environments. The environmentalism in Asian countries especially for Thailand and Singapore are even more distinct through the society adaptation in environmental protection and green purchases through the effort of governments. On the aspect of eco-friendliness of habits and behaviours only 8% of Malaysian respondents responded they have changed their behaviour in a great deal to benefit the environment (Nabsiah Abdul Wahid et al, 2011). Despite the social adaptation of environmental consumption is rising, research indicates that many green products have failed because of marketers myopic focus on their products greenness over the broader expectations of consumers or other market players (such as regulators or activists) (Ottman et al., 2006). On the other hand, Tully and Schonfeld (1994) found that young consumers showing high concerned with social issues, particularly environmentalism. Many products are begin to tailored to suit young consumers as this group is representing a new generation of consumers with a strong potential impact on the type of goods and services offered in the market (Tan Lau, 2009). It is undeniable that young consumers play a relatively important consumers segment in the market as many researchers have been studying the behaviour and consumption patterns of this group which are the future marketing planners, policy makers and the new educators of the new economy. Therefore, the research is striving to find out how young consumers in Malaysia aware of green marketing? Does green marketing effectively changes the adaptation of green purchases among young consumers? RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study are as following: To review the concept of green marketing in consumer market. To analyse the environmental awareness, attitude and knowledge of young consumers in Malaysia. To evaluate the way that young consumers aware of green marketing. RESEARCH QUESTION What is the concept of green marketing in consumer market? What are the extent of environmental awareness, attitude and knowledge of young consumers in Malaysia? How the young consumers aware of green marketing? SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY The study aims to contribute the understanding of how young consumers perceived about green marketing in Malaysia. The research will examined the level of awareness of young consumers towards green marketing whether it will leads to positive environmental knowledge and attitude in making purchases. At the end of research, it is believed to provide some insights to green marketers regarding how they can expand their operation in Asia especially in Malaysia (Elham Rahbar and Nabsiah Abdul Wahid 2011). LITERATURE REVIEW Green marketing Green marketing is defined as holistic marketing concepts where in the production, marketing consumption and disposal of products and services happen in a manner that is less detrimental to environment with growing awareness about the implications of global warming, non-biodegradable solid waste, harmful impact of pollutants etc (Tariq Ahmad, 2010). Kotler Armstrong (2008) defined it as an organized movement of concerned citizens and government to protect and enhance peoples living environment. The concept is starting to popularize in many countries and companies as a cognitive persuasion strategies to involve environmental costs into the consumers decision process (Suplico, Luz T, 2009) especially in their purchases of goods and services. Marketers always coined the term ecological marketing, green marketing, environmental marketing, eco-marketing and sustainable marketing (Coddington, 1993, Fuller, 1998 and Ottman, 1998) as a label of the greenness of their product and services. Despite many agree with the powerful function of green marketing, green products is still remained as niche goods attributed to marketers selling strategy which only to committed ethical consumers without the aid of mainstream marketing techniques (Josephine Pickett-Baker and Ritsuko Ozaki, 2008). Thus, many companies has started to include green concept in advertising as a way to connect consumers with their environmental friendly product and services. Green advertising Green advertising is known as environmental advertising which include popular terms such as recyclable, environmentally friendly, ozone safe and biodegradable (Clare DSouza Mehdi Taghian, 2005). Consumers response towards green advertising may turn out to be effective when the products meet their needs and aligns with their values (e.g saving money on fuel and increasing childrens safety) (Josephine Pickett-Baker Ritsuko Ozaki, 2008). Some consumers response negatively towards the messages in green advertising due to the credibility of green advertising is relatively low (Kilbourne, 1995) which is insufficient for attitudes change towards the advertisement leads to changes in brand attitudes (Gorn 1982; Lutz, Mac Kenzie and Belch, 1983; Mitchell and Olson, 1981). However, the study of Davis (1993) revealed that consumers weak response to environmental advertising is not the consequence of consumers unwillingness to take action and change their behaviour to purchase green products; rather consumers are unwilling to change their purchase behaviour given the manner in which green products have been promoted and advertised (Elham Rahbar and Nabsiah Abdul Wahid, 2011). However, many authors believe advertising works well when it tries to appeal to those values that drive consumer decision processes (Josephine Pickett-Baker, Ritsuko Ozaki, 2008) Hawkins et al. (1998) explain how the emotional content in advertisements increases attention, a critical step in the perception process. Emotional messages may be processed more thoroughly and remembered better as a result of increased alertness. It is reasonable to assume that advertising green products using emotional content would be more successful (Josephine Pickett-Baker Ritsuko Ozaki, 2008). Mendleson (1994) even commented that marketers should emphasize the ecological knowledge in their organizations, their products and their advertising in order to achieve the goal of changing the consumer purchasing behaviour (E lham Rahbar and Nabsiah Abdul Wahid, 2011) Young consumers Generation Y is the prevalent group of young consumers born between the years of 1980-1994 (Halstead, K, 2006 cited in Tee, 2007) which has greater purchasing power than any prior generation and it will heavily influence markets in the near future (Martin and Turley). Gen Y learns to shop at young age will eventually shape their shopping behaviour as adults (Ward, as cited in Halstead K, 2006). Therefore, it came as no surprise that many marketing and promotional efforts are targeted at this group of growing young consumers (Tan Lau, 2009) from consumer acceptance of unethical consumptions). Pratt et al. (1983) in their study found that young consumers often differ from elderly consumers in terms of their moral thinking (Tan Lau, 2009). This group of people are more open minded and strongly influence what happens in their homes (Josephine Pickett-Baker and Ritsuko Ozaki, 2008) Young consumers purchase decision According to Kotler and Armstrong, consumer purchase decision involves three major components: inputs, process and output (). The input consists of both internal and external influences. The output component involves the purchase behaviour and the post-purchase evaluation. The process component involves the psychological field such as motivation, perception, learning, personality and attitudes (Kotler Armstrong, 2008 cited in Luz T. Suplico, 2009). The study followed the proposed model of consumer decision-making process used in Luz T. Suplico (2009) that involves inputs, process and the output. Inputs will include environmental attitude, knowledge and the extent of awareness to green marketing (Peter Olson, 2009 cited in Luz T. Suplico, 2009). The expected output is the whether the consumers choose to purchase the product. Green consumption Green consumption defined as contradicted as consumer concerns about the environment do not necessarily behave in a green way in general, or in their purchasing (Josephine Pickett-Baker Ritsuko Ozaki, 2008). Green consumption began when consumers purchase behaviour is influenced by environmental concerns (Shrum, McCarty Lowrey, 1995 cited in Clare DSouza Mehdi Taghian, 2005). Study found that people who are environmentally conscious do not necessarily behave pro-environmentally: for example, people might throw rubbish away when most people around them do so (reactive process, as opposed to intentional decision making (Ohtomo and Hirose, 2007 cited in Josephine Pickett-Baker Ritsuko Ozaki, 2008). In most cases, consumer will experience an improvement of environmental quality only when major sectors of the global population pursue generalized green consumer behaviour. Thus, the perceived individual customer benefit might not be a sufficiently powerful motivation to green purchasing (Belz and Dyllik, 1996 cited in Patrick Hartmann, Vanessa Apaolaza Ibà ¡Ã ±ez, 2006). Environmental Awareness Environmental awareness and behaviours were found to be influenced by values, attitudes and knowledge (Haron et al, 2005). German scholars of Pakistan have added that the buyers level of awareness will affect attitude to environmental protection, the attitude of the environmental protection will affect the attitude of his green lifestyle, people with positive attitude of green lifestyle will involved in the purchase of green product and consumption activities (Juan Zhang, 2010, p.178). Unfortunately, in the case of Malaysia, the environmental awareness is still very low from the view of the importance of separating household solid waste and involvement in recycling programmes (Haron, S.A., Palm, L. Yahaya, N., 2005, p.428). Environmental Attitude Attitudes are the most consistent explanatory factor in predicting consumers willingness to pay for green products (Chyong et al., 2006 cited in Tan, Lau, 2010, p.30). Consumers product purchasing decisions are often based on their environmental attitudes (Irland, 1993; Schwepker and Cornwell, 1991 cited in Tan Lau, 2010). Environmental attitude is defined as the individuals value judgement of environmental protection which taps the individuals cognitive assessment of the value of the environmental protection (Lee, 2008 cited in Nabsiah Abdul Wahid et al, 2011). However, the demand and attitudes for green products is likely to be uneven across different market segments and cultures (Ottman Peattie, 1992 cited in Elham Rahbar and Nabsiah Abdul Wahid 2011) which need to be closely study. Environmental Knowledge In numerous studies, knowledge is an important factor in consumers decision-making process. Cohen (1973) commented that green marketing activities had play an important influence on increasing consumer knowledge and in shifting consumer into purchasing green products (Elham Rahbar and Nabsiah Abdul Wahid, 2011). Findings of Gendall et al reveals that men tended to have more knowledge than women; younger people tended to be more knowledgeable than older people; and the higher the level of education, the higher the level of knowledge (Haron, S.A., Palm, L. Yahaya, N. 2005, p.428). However, they concluded that generally the overall level of knowledge of Malaysian teenagers is low, especially among those studying in the arts stream compared with those studying in the sciences stream. (Haron, S.A., Palm, L., Yahaya, N., 2005, p.428). Bradley et al. (1999) commented that environmental education is able to create environmental awareness and promote environmentally responsible behaviour (c ited in Tan, Lau, 2009). Malaysian government has been promoting sustainable consumption practices among the public in various strategies. Social advertising is one of the approaches of Malaysian government to educate and foster environmental concern among the public (Haron et al., 2005). HYPOTHESIS Referencing from the existing literature, it is thus hypothesized that: HI: Green marketing has a positive H2: H3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Independent Variable Dependent Variable Impact of Green Marketing on Purchase Behaviour of Young Consumers in Malaysia Environmental Awareness Environmental Attitude Environmental Knowledge RESEARCH DESIGN For the purpose of this study, descriptive research will be undertaken using quantitative methodology to examine the impact of green marketing on young consumers purchase decision, environmental awareness, attitude and knowledge. SAMPLING DESIGN Target Population The target population for this study will be the under graduate, graduate and postgraduate students age ranging 18 to 25 years old. The reason of choosing individuals above this age is because they are familiar with purchasing of products and are also empowered in their decisions for choosing the right items between many available choices, therefore, considerate to environmental issues in their purchasing behaviour (Elham Rahbar and Nabsiah Abdul Wahid, 2011). Sampling Technique In this study, cluster sampling is deployed as it is a type of probability sampling where a random of subgroups is selected and all members of the subgroups become part of the sample (David A. Aaker, V. Kumar, George S Day, Robert P. Leone, 2010). By using probability sampling technique, the research findings can be generalized to the target population with a specified level of confidence (Hair et al., 2007). The advantage of cluster sampling is able to enhance sampling efficiency improved by decreasing cost at a faster rate than accuracy. The limitation of cluster sampling is resulted in relatively imprecise samples, and it is difficult to form heterogeneous cluster because, for example, household in a block tend to be similar rather than dissimilar (David A. Aaker, V. Kumar, George S Day, Robert P. Leone, 2010). Sampling location The questionnaire survey will be conducted in four private colleges or universities in Klang Valley in order to enhance the results of the findings. Sampling size The sampling size involved in this study will be 400 participants either in private colleges or universities in Klang Valley. DATA COLLECTION The data collections of this study consist of primary data and secondary data. Primary data will be collected through the distribution of questionnaires. James P. Neelankavil (2007) stated that secondary data collection is an important step in the research process because it is the key to accomplishing low cost research programme. The secondary data is retrieved from different websites, newspaper, magazines, journal articles database such as Emerald insight and Anglia Ruskin e-library which is both permanent and available in a form that may be checked relatively easily by other (Denscombe, 1998 cited in Saunders, M., Lewis, P. Thornhill, A., 2007). However, the secondary data might fails to provide the information that appropriate to answer the research questions or research objectives will result in invalid answers (Kelvin, 1999 cited Saunders, M., Lewis, P. Thornhill, A., 2007) PILOT STUDY According to Zikmund, et al (2010) the questionnaire has to be pretested to ensure the respondents understand the intended meaning of the questions as well as checking the problems attached in the wording and measurement. Thus, pilot study will be conducted by circulating 200 questionnaires among universities or colleges which the result is important to check the reliability and suitability the instrument. MEASURES The questionnaire will be divided into four sections. The first section will include demographic information which adapted from the study of Fong (2006) on environmental orientation of consumers in Malaysia (Nabsiah Abdul Wahid et al., 2011). The second section include the The third section of the questionnaire measuring on the respondents environmental attitude, the respondents environmental awareness and respondents green purchasing behaviour based on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree) and (1 = never, 5 = always) is used in the study of Nik Abdul Rashid and Elham Rahbar and Nabisha Abdul Wahid. DATA ANALYSIS For this research, the data will be processed using statistical techniques which include factor analysis, descriptive analysis, and multiple regression analysis. Factor Analysis Factor analysis which is one type of multivariate analysis is used to define the underlying structure called factors among the variables in the analysis (Hair et al., 2007). Factor analysis will performed using the all the variables in this study to test whether the concept is correctly theorized. Descriptive Analysis Descriptive analysis involved summarizing and transforming the data into an understandable and interpretable mode (Zikmund et al., 2010). Descriptive analysis will be utilized in most parts of the analysis using mean and standard deviation of variables to help researchers understand the respondents perception of variables and other detailed analysis that were performed (Elham Rahbar and Nabsiah Abdul Wahid, 2011). Multiple Regression Analysis Multiple regression analysis will be performed to analyze the relationship between a dependent variable and independent variables and addressed hypothesis (Coakes and Steed, 2001; Hair et al., 1998 cited in Elham Rahbar and Nabsiah Abdul Wahid, 2011). The control variables to be analyse included age and educational level of respondents whom constantly influenced by environmental knowledge (Haron et al, 2005). LIMITATIONS There are few limitations in this study. Firstly, the main limitation is the study will opened for colleges or universities students in Klang Valley only. Therefore, the result may not be appropriate to generalize finding to all young consumers in Malaysia. TIME SCALES REFERENCES Afzaal Ali, Athar Ali Khan, Israr Ahmed Waseem Shahzad, 2011. Determinants of Pakistani Consumers Green Purchase Behavior: Some Insights from a Developing Country. 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